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Questions and Answers
Prokaryotic cells have a nucleus.
Prokaryotic cells have a nucleus.
False (B)
What are the three main types of plastids found in plant cells?
What are the three main types of plastids found in plant cells?
Chloroplasts, chromoplasts, and leucoplasts
What is the primary function of chloroplasts?
What is the primary function of chloroplasts?
Photosynthesis
What are the main functions of the cytoskeleton in a cell?
What are the main functions of the cytoskeleton in a cell?
The primary wall is formed after the secondary wall.
The primary wall is formed after the secondary wall.
What is the basic unit of life according to cell theory?
What is the basic unit of life according to cell theory?
Which of the following are three features that distinguish plant cells from animal cells?
Which of the following are three features that distinguish plant cells from animal cells?
"Semi-autonomous" organelles like plastids and mitochondria have their own DNA, ribosomes, and can synthesize their own proteins.
"Semi-autonomous" organelles like plastids and mitochondria have their own DNA, ribosomes, and can synthesize their own proteins.
What are the primary storage compartments for metabolites in plant cells?
What are the primary storage compartments for metabolites in plant cells?
What causes the phenomenon of autumn leaf coloration, where leaves change from green to yellow or orange?
What causes the phenomenon of autumn leaf coloration, where leaves change from green to yellow or orange?
Cells that produce and release lipids have abundant rough ER.
Cells that produce and release lipids have abundant rough ER.
What are the main functions of microtubules?
What are the main functions of microtubules?
What is water potential?
What is water potential?
Diffusion requires energy to move substances across a membrane against their concentration gradients.
Diffusion requires energy to move substances across a membrane against their concentration gradients.
What is the process of water molecules moving across a selectively permeable membrane down their concentration gradients called?
What is the process of water molecules moving across a selectively permeable membrane down their concentration gradients called?
Transport proteins facilitate the movement of polar substances across the cell membrane.
Transport proteins facilitate the movement of polar substances across the cell membrane.
Which of the following is the primary difference between facilitated diffusion and active transport?
Which of the following is the primary difference between facilitated diffusion and active transport?
Vesicle-mediated transport involves the formation of vesicles that bud off from or fuse with the plasma membrane.
Vesicle-mediated transport involves the formation of vesicles that bud off from or fuse with the plasma membrane.
What are the two primary processes involved in vesicle-mediated transport?
What are the two primary processes involved in vesicle-mediated transport?
What are the two main mechanisms involved in cell-to-cell communication?
What are the two main mechanisms involved in cell-to-cell communication?
Adding salt to the soil can decrease the water potential of the soil, leading to plasmolysis and wilting in plants.
Adding salt to the soil can decrease the water potential of the soil, leading to plasmolysis and wilting in plants.
The high water potential in sewer pipes is a contributing factor to root growth and clogging of the pipes.
The high water potential in sewer pipes is a contributing factor to root growth and clogging of the pipes.
The proton pump is an example of primary active transport.
The proton pump is an example of primary active transport.
What type of transport is used to move large molecules and particles across the cell membrane?
What type of transport is used to move large molecules and particles across the cell membrane?
Which of the following processes is non-specific and engulfs large particles, while the other is specific and uses receptor proteins to internalize specific molecules?
Which of the following processes is non-specific and engulfs large particles, while the other is specific and uses receptor proteins to internalize specific molecules?
What are the three stages of signal transduction?
What are the three stages of signal transduction?
Plasmodesmata are channels that connect the cytoplasm of adjacent plant cells, forming a continuous network that allows for the transport of viruses.
Plasmodesmata are channels that connect the cytoplasm of adjacent plant cells, forming a continuous network that allows for the transport of viruses.
Flashcards
Prokaryotic Cells
Prokaryotic Cells
Cells without a nucleus, DNA is in the nucleoid.
Eukaryotic Cells
Eukaryotic Cells
Cells with a nucleus and complex structures.
Chloroplasts
Chloroplasts
Organelles in plants for photosynthesis, contain chlorophyll.
Chromoplasts
Chromoplasts
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Leucoplasts
Leucoplasts
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Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
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Golgi Apparatus
Golgi Apparatus
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Cytoskeleton
Cytoskeleton
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Primary Cell Wall
Primary Cell Wall
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Secondary Cell Wall
Secondary Cell Wall
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Cell Theory
Cell Theory
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Vacuoles
Vacuoles
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Plasmodesmata
Plasmodesmata
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Water Potential
Water Potential
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Diffusion
Diffusion
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Osmosis
Osmosis
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Lipid Bilayer
Lipid Bilayer
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Transport Proteins
Transport Proteins
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Facilitated Diffusion
Facilitated Diffusion
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Active Transport
Active Transport
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Vesicle-Mediated Transport
Vesicle-Mediated Transport
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Exocytosis
Exocytosis
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Endocytosis
Endocytosis
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Phagocytosis
Phagocytosis
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Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis
Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis
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Signal Transduction
Signal Transduction
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Turgor Pressure
Turgor Pressure
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Autonomous Organelles
Autonomous Organelles
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Sucrose-Proton Co-Transport
Sucrose-Proton Co-Transport
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Study Notes
Plant Cell Structure and Function
- Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus, their DNA is not surrounded by a membrane, and they have a nucleoid
- Prokaryotic cells have one chromosome and lack membrane-bound organelles
- Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus, where DNA is enclosed within a membrane-bound compartment
- Eukaryotic cells contain multiple chromosomes structured with histones
- Prokaryotic cells are found in bacteria and archaea
- Eukaryotic cells are found in plants and animals
Plastids
- Chloroplasts are the site of photosynthesis, containing chlorophyll and carotenoids
- Chlorophyll is responsible for the green color of plants
- Carotenoids are yellow and orange pigments often masked by chlorophyll in green leaves
- Chromoplasts are pigmented plastids responsible for colors like yellow, orange, and red in flowers, fruits, and roots
- Leucoplasts are colorless plastids that lack inner membranes and are involved in storage of starch, oils, and proteins (amyloplasts are a type of leucoplasts)
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
- The endoplasmic reticulum is the initial source of membranes
- Transition vesicles transport new membrane material to the Golgi apparatus
- Rough ER is complex, 3D membrane system spread throughout the cytosol
- Rough ER contains flattened sac-like cisternae with polysomes, abundant in protein-storing cells
- Smooth ER lacks polysomes and is involved in lipid production, found in lipid producing cells
Cell Cycle
- Prokaryotic cells lack the complex cell division seen in eukaryotes
- Eukaryotic cells have a complex cell cycle, divided into stages that ensure proper chromosome replication
Plant Cell Features
- Plant cells have cell walls made of cellulose
- Plant cells have chloroplasts, where photosynthesis occurs
- Plant cells have larger vacuoles
Cytoskeleton
- The cytoskeleton is a dynamic, 3D network of protein filaments that extends throughout the cytosol
- It plays role in cell division, growth, differentiation, and organelle movement
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