Plant Cell Structure and Components

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following statements is TRUE about cells?

  • Cells are only found in plants and animals.
  • Cells are only found in multicellular organisms.
  • Cells are always very complex and contain many organelles.
  • Cells are considered to be the most basic unit of life. (correct)

The statement 'all plants and animals are composed of cells' is best described as which of the following?

  • A theory. (correct)
  • An observation.
  • A hypothesis.
  • A law.

Which of these organisms are always composed of a single cell?

  • Animals.
  • Bacteria. (correct)
  • Plants.
  • Fungi.

The term 'envelop' in the content refers to what part of the cell?

<p>Cell membrane. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of cells?

<p>Cells are always visible to the naked eye. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT true about the cell wall?

<p>It is found only in animals. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the cell wall in mature cells?

<p>To control cell growth. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why does the cell wall limit cell expansion due to osmosis?

<p>Because it exerts a pressure against the cell membrane. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following organisms is most likely to possess a cell wall?

<p>Bacteria (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the cell wall and turgor pressure?

<p>The cell wall helps create turgor pressure by resisting the inward pressure of the cell membrane. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key feature of plant cells that distinguishes them from animal cells?

<p>They have a rigid cell wall. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do lignified secondary cell walls play in the evolution of plants?

<p>They provide structural reinforcement. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do cell walls benefit plants in comparison to animals?

<p>They allow for vertical growth. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about plant cell walls is false?

<p>They are flexible compared to animal membranes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way do plant cell walls influence plant growth?

<p>They provide rigidity and support. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of pumps in cellular processes?

<p>To transport solutes through the membrane (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process involves excreting materials from a cell?

<p>Exocytosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can membrane fusion transport?

<p>Particles that are both large and small (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are particles that are too large to pass through the membrane typically handled by the cell?

<p>They are swallowed or disgorged whole (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following materials can be excreted through exocytosis?

<p>Wastes, proteins, and polysaccharides (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of membrane proteins according to the provided information?

<p>They divide the cell into numerous compartments. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of membrane protein is described as being loosely attached by ionic interactions?

<p>Extrinsic proteins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about membrane proteins is incorrect?

<p>Extrinsic proteins are firmly embedded in the membrane. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of membrane proteins is highlighted in relation to their roles in the cell?

<p>Their classification into two types. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic best describes intrinsic proteins compared to extrinsic proteins?

<p>They are embedded within the lipid bilayer. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What material contributes to the strength and toughness of secondary cell walls?

<p>Lignin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group of plants is characterized by lacking lignified cell walls?

<p>Bryophytes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of lignin as a material?

<p>Brittle and glue-like (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about secondary cell walls is true?

<p>They derive strength from lignin. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following plant types typically possesses lignified secondary cell walls?

<p>Woody plants (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Cell Wall

A rigid structure that surrounds the cell in plants and fungi.

Function of Cell Wall

Limits expansion of the cell due to osmosis.

Composition of Cell Wall

Commonly made of cellulose in plants and chitin in fungi.

Cell Wall vs. Cell Membrane

Cell wall is rigid; cell membrane is flexible.

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Mature Cells and Cell Wall

Cell walls are particularly prominent in mature cells.

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Cells

The basic structural unit of all living organisms.

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Single-celled organisms

Living organisms that consist of only one cell.

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Multicellular organisms

Organisms made up of many cells working together.

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Bacteria

Single-celled microorganisms that can be found everywhere.

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Unit of life

Cells are considered the smallest unit of life that can function independently.

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Pumps

Mechanisms that force solutes through a membrane.

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Membrane Fusion

The process that allows materials to be transported across a membrane by merging sections of the membrane.

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Exocytosis

The process of excreting large particles by fusing vesicles with the cell membrane.

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Endocytosis

The process of engulfing large particles by enclosing them within the membrane.

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Transport of Materials

The movement of substances into, out of, or within a cell.

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Lignified Secondary Cell Walls

Strong cell walls in plants that help them grow tall by providing structural support.

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Difference Between Plants and Animals

Plants have a rigid cell wall while animals do not, affecting their structure.

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Structural Reinforcement

Support that enables plants to withstand pressure and grow tall.

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Vertical Growth in Plants

The ability of plants to grow upwards due to rigid cell walls.

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Secondary Cell Walls

Cell walls that provide strength and toughness to plants.

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Lignin

A brittle, glue-like material that adds rigidity to cell walls.

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Bryophytes

Non-vascular plants that lack lignified cell walls.

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Lignified Cell Walls

Walls that contain lignin, providing strength and support.

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Plant Cell Walls

Structures that provide support and protection to plant cells.

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Metabolism

The set of life-sustaining chemical reactions in organisms.

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Membrane proteins

Proteins that interact with or are part of biological membranes.

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Extrinsic proteins

Proteins that are loosely attached to the outer or inner surface of the membrane.

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Compartmentalization

The division of a cell into separate regions to enhance function.

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Ionic attachment

Intermolecular forces that bind proteins to membranes through charge interactions.

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Study Notes

Plant Cell Structure

  • Plant cells are composed of protoplasm and a cell membrane
  • Biologists identify two types of cells: prokaryotic (simple, no nucleus) and eukaryotic (nucleus and membrane-bound organelles). Plant cells are eukaryotic.
  • Plant cells are surrounded by a rigid cell wall, a key difference from animal cells.
  • The cell wall is composed of cellulose microfibrils, polysaccharides, lignin, and other components like calcium carbonate, waxes, and cutin.

Plant Cell Wall

  • Plant cell walls are vital for structural support and preventing uncontrolled expansion due to osmosis.
  • Two types of cell walls exist: primary cell walls (thin, present in young cells) and secondary cell walls (thicker and stronger, present in mature cells)
  • The secondary cell wall is strengthened by lignin.
  • Secondary cell walls form after most cell growth.
  • Cell walls have pits for communication between cells

Plant Cell Membranes

  • Cell membranes are primarily composed of fatty-acid lipids and proteins.
  • Two types of membrane proteins exist: extrinsic (loosely attached to lipid bilayer) and intrinsic (firmly embedded).
  • Lipids in membranes are phospholipids and sterols (like cholesterol), with an amphiphilic property (attracting both water and fat).
  • Membranes control molecular passage (flexible & selective).
  • Membranes are essential for cell functions (transport, metabolism)

Cytoplasm and Cytosol

  • Cytoplasm is the substance enclosed by the cell membrane.
  • A large cellular activity happens in the cytoplasm, including glycolysis and nuclear division.
  • The inner portion is called the endoplasm and the outer portion ectoplasm.
  • Cytosol is the fluid component of the cytoplasm, surrounding organelles and where crucial metabolic reactions occur.
  • These substances facilitate cellular activities and communication.

Cell History

  • In 1665, Robert Hooke observed cork and named the chambers "cells".
  • Schleiden and Schwann (1838) proposed the cell theory: all living things are made of cells, and the cell is the fundamental unit of life.
  • Virchow (1858) expanded the theory with the principle that all cells come from pre-existing cells.

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