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What is one primary role of the vacuole in plant cells?
What is one primary role of the vacuole in plant cells?
What is the origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts in plant cells associated with?
What is the origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts in plant cells associated with?
Which microscopy technique is best for observing the detailed structure of chloroplasts?
Which microscopy technique is best for observing the detailed structure of chloroplasts?
During cell division, which structures are primarily involved in the formation of the cell plate in plant cells?
During cell division, which structures are primarily involved in the formation of the cell plate in plant cells?
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What enzyme type is most important for the hydrolysis of stored starch in plant cells?
What enzyme type is most important for the hydrolysis of stored starch in plant cells?
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What role does a vacuole typically play in a plant cell?
What role does a vacuole typically play in a plant cell?
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Which enzyme is primarily involved in the breakdown of starch during storage in plants?
Which enzyme is primarily involved in the breakdown of starch during storage in plants?
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What is the primary origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts in plant cells?
What is the primary origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts in plant cells?
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In light microscopy, what is the main purpose of the condenser?
In light microscopy, what is the main purpose of the condenser?
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How do plant cells primarily manage cell division?
How do plant cells primarily manage cell division?
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Which technique is NOT typically associated with plant cell culture?
Which technique is NOT typically associated with plant cell culture?
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Which plant growth regulators are crucial for differentiation in cell cultures?
Which plant growth regulators are crucial for differentiation in cell cultures?
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What is the significance of Robert Hooke's observations in the 17th century?
What is the significance of Robert Hooke's observations in the 17th century?
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What is the main function of vacuoles in plant cells?
What is the main function of vacuoles in plant cells?
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Which enzyme is primarily responsible for the breakdown of stored starch in plant cells?
Which enzyme is primarily responsible for the breakdown of stored starch in plant cells?
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Mitochondria and chloroplasts are thought to have evolved from which type of organism?
Mitochondria and chloroplasts are thought to have evolved from which type of organism?
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What is the maximum magnification typically achievable with a transmission electron microscope (TEM)?
What is the maximum magnification typically achievable with a transmission electron microscope (TEM)?
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Which of the following structures is unique to plant cells?
Which of the following structures is unique to plant cells?
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Light microscopy is limited to what maximum magnification factor?
Light microscopy is limited to what maximum magnification factor?
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What would most directly cause turgor pressure in plant cells?
What would most directly cause turgor pressure in plant cells?
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What is one of the main components of plant cell walls that provides structural integrity?
What is one of the main components of plant cell walls that provides structural integrity?
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In which cellular process are mitochondria primarily involved?
In which cellular process are mitochondria primarily involved?
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What structural feature distinguishes plant cells from animal cells?
What structural feature distinguishes plant cells from animal cells?
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What is the appropriate incubation temperature for the propagation of Syngonium plantlets?
What is the appropriate incubation temperature for the propagation of Syngonium plantlets?
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Which component is NOT typically part of the plant tissue culture facility layout?
Which component is NOT typically part of the plant tissue culture facility layout?
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How long should plantlets be exposed to light during the initial rooting phase?
How long should plantlets be exposed to light during the initial rooting phase?
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At what pH should the agar medium be for optimal propagation of Syngonium?
At what pH should the agar medium be for optimal propagation of Syngonium?
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What is the recommended environment for transplanting plantlets after rooting?
What is the recommended environment for transplanting plantlets after rooting?
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What technique does plant tissue culture primarily involve?
What technique does plant tissue culture primarily involve?
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Which phase follows the initiation of plant tissue culture?
Which phase follows the initiation of plant tissue culture?
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What is one significant advantage of tissue culture over traditional plant propagation methods?
What is one significant advantage of tissue culture over traditional plant propagation methods?
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Which application is NOT typically associated with plant tissue culture?
Which application is NOT typically associated with plant tissue culture?
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What is the primary purpose of the callus stage in tissue culture?
What is the primary purpose of the callus stage in tissue culture?
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How does plant tissue culture benefit agricultural practices?
How does plant tissue culture benefit agricultural practices?
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Which of the following is a key aspect of using Agrobacterium tumefaciens in plant transformation?
Which of the following is a key aspect of using Agrobacterium tumefaciens in plant transformation?
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What is the role of micropropagation in plant tissue culture?
What is the role of micropropagation in plant tissue culture?
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Which microscopy technique utilizes the highest magnification levels?
Which microscopy technique utilizes the highest magnification levels?
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What is a unique feature of plant cells that contributes to their shape?
What is a unique feature of plant cells that contributes to their shape?
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Which component in plant cells is primarily responsible for maintaining turgor pressure?
Which component in plant cells is primarily responsible for maintaining turgor pressure?
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Which structural feature helps plant cells maintain rigidity and oppose turgor pressure?
Which structural feature helps plant cells maintain rigidity and oppose turgor pressure?
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What causes wilting in plant cells?
What causes wilting in plant cells?
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Which of the following is a major difference between plant and animal cells?
Which of the following is a major difference between plant and animal cells?
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What is the primary role of the cell wall in plant cells?
What is the primary role of the cell wall in plant cells?
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In which microscopy technique would one primarily observe the external surfaces of plant cells?
In which microscopy technique would one primarily observe the external surfaces of plant cells?
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What provides the barrier for individual plant cells?
What provides the barrier for individual plant cells?
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Which microscopy method allows for the observation of live cells and their dynamic processes?
Which microscopy method allows for the observation of live cells and their dynamic processes?
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What process occurs when a plant cell is placed in a hypertonic solution, resulting in water loss?
What process occurs when a plant cell is placed in a hypertonic solution, resulting in water loss?
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Which structure in plant cells allows the movement of substances between neighboring cells?
Which structure in plant cells allows the movement of substances between neighboring cells?
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What is the main role of the plasma membrane in plant cells?
What is the main role of the plasma membrane in plant cells?
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What happens to a cell when water is added back after plasmolysis?
What happens to a cell when water is added back after plasmolysis?
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What is cytoplasmic streaming?
What is cytoplasmic streaming?
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What can influence the non-targeted movement of molecules through plasmodesmata?
What can influence the non-targeted movement of molecules through plasmodesmata?
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What is the function of enzymes such as cellulases and macerozyme in protoplast isolation?
What is the function of enzymes such as cellulases and macerozyme in protoplast isolation?
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What structural feature distinguishes protoplasts from intact plant cells?
What structural feature distinguishes protoplasts from intact plant cells?
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What type of solution would cause water to enter a plant cell, resulting in turgor pressure?
What type of solution would cause water to enter a plant cell, resulting in turgor pressure?
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What components are typically found within the cytoplasm of a plant cell?
What components are typically found within the cytoplasm of a plant cell?
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What is the typical production scale for plant cell cultures using bioreactors?
What is the typical production scale for plant cell cultures using bioreactors?
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Which of the following is a challenge in scaling up plant cell cultures?
Which of the following is a challenge in scaling up plant cell cultures?
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What is the purpose of polyethylene glycol (PEG 4000) in the process of introducing new genes to plant cells?
What is the purpose of polyethylene glycol (PEG 4000) in the process of introducing new genes to plant cells?
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Which type of fermenter is commonly used in the scaling up of plant cell cultures?
Which type of fermenter is commonly used in the scaling up of plant cell cultures?
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What is a common issue faced during the cultivation of plant cells in culture?
What is a common issue faced during the cultivation of plant cells in culture?
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What process involves creating hybrid plant cells through protoplast manipulation?
What process involves creating hybrid plant cells through protoplast manipulation?
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Which of the following equipment is essential for establishing cell suspension cultures?
Which of the following equipment is essential for establishing cell suspension cultures?
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Which step is critical when preparing protoplasts from cell suspensions?
Which step is critical when preparing protoplasts from cell suspensions?
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What is a significant advantage of suspension cultures over callus cultures?
What is a significant advantage of suspension cultures over callus cultures?
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During the proliferation stage of tissue culture, what process occurs?
During the proliferation stage of tissue culture, what process occurs?
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What is a key requirement for establishing a tissue culture?
What is a key requirement for establishing a tissue culture?
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What is the primary purpose of the pre-transplant stage in tissue culture?
What is the primary purpose of the pre-transplant stage in tissue culture?
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What is micropropagation primarily used for?
What is micropropagation primarily used for?
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What is the first step in the tissue culture process?
What is the first step in the tissue culture process?
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What is the role of cytokinin in the growth medium for tissue culture?
What is the role of cytokinin in the growth medium for tissue culture?
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What is commonly done to the mother plant before tissue culture initiation?
What is commonly done to the mother plant before tissue culture initiation?
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What are offspring produced through micropropagation primarily characterized as?
What are offspring produced through micropropagation primarily characterized as?
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What is the incubation temperature recommended for a suspension culture?
What is the incubation temperature recommended for a suspension culture?
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What characterizes the aggregations in suspension cultures?
What characterizes the aggregations in suspension cultures?
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Which phase allows for root and shoot development before final transplanting?
Which phase allows for root and shoot development before final transplanting?
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How are protoplasts isolated in protoplast culture?
How are protoplasts isolated in protoplast culture?
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What is the primary goal of the establishment phase in tissue culture?
What is the primary goal of the establishment phase in tissue culture?
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Study Notes
BIOL3402 Cell Biology & Cell Technology
- This course covers techniques in plant cell biology and plant cell cultures.
- The course instructor is Dr. Peng Wang.
- Contact information for Dr. Wang is provided for students.
- The course aims to provide an understanding of cell structure, function, cell culture principles, and instrumentation in biology and biotechnology.
Learning Outcomes
- Students will gain fundamental knowledge on plant cell biology and cell technology.
- Students will learn some laboratory techniques in plant cell culture.
- Students will improve their ability to cooperate and work with other students.
- Students will understand real-life situations in plant cell biology and cell technology.
Assessment
- A 2-hour written exam (50%).
- A quiz (20%).
- Practical work assessment (30%).
- A lab report will be submitted at the end of each lab session.
- Prepare for the quiz and exam using Moodle materials.
Course Content
- Lectures (6 sessions) and practical sessions (3 sessions/labs) will cover the topics:
- Plant cell biology and plant cell culture techniques in plant cell biology.
- Tools, media, equipment and environmental conditions for plant cell culture.
- Aseptic techniques, callus cultures, regeneration, and micropropagation.
- Applications of plant cell culture, including micropropagation, and protoplast cultures.
- Somaclonal variants, grafting, cryopreservation, and secondary metabolites.
- Plant genetic engineering and other related topics.
Practical Details
- Lab session starts at 2:30 PM.
- Protoplast isolation and observation from flowering Chinese cabbage and capsicum will be performed.
- Samples of different plant cells, including starch grains, plasmolysis, guard cells, stomata, xylem, and trichomes, will be examined at display stations
- Students need to wear a lab coat.
- Hand in the lab report by the end of the session.
Microscopy Methods
- Light microscopy
- Electron microscopy
- Confocal laser scanning microscopy
- Techniques will be detailed in the course
Course Materials
- Moodle e-notes
- Find@HKUL for book references & electronic reserves
Reference Materials
- Several video resources are suggested for further learning.
- These videos provide additional information on plant cell biology and culture.
Plant Cell Biology Laboratory Session
- Topics covered: Isolating protoplasts, Using light microscopy to examine onion epidermal cells, trichomes of African violets, and leaves and stem of Arabidopsis.
Specialised Plant Cells
- There are specialized plant cells, such as the xylem vessel elements(cell walls), that will be covered in detail.
Plant Tissue Culture
- The technique of in vitro plant cell culture will be covered.
- This technique involves growing plant cells, tissues, or organs aseptically in a liquid or on solid agar medium.
- Several methods of using plant tissue culture will be covered in detail.
Plant Growth Regulators
- Plant growth regulators (e.g., auxins and cytokinins) are plant hormones that may be used in plant propagation, culture and growth.
- There are different examples of auxins and cytokinins that are commonly used in cultures.
Techniques in In Vitro Plant Cell Culture
- Aseptic techniques, initiation of callus cultures, and regeneration of tissue cultures
In Vitro Plant Cell Culture Types
- Intact plant culture
- Callus culture
- Embryo culture
- Organ culture
- Suspension culture
- Protoplast culture
Steps of Plant Tissue Culture
- Initiation
- Proliferation
- Pre-transplant
- Establishment
Advantages of Using Plant Tissue Culture
- Reduces production cost
- Possibility in using food as a drug and vaccine delivery system
Important Factors for Successful Plant Cell Culture
- The composition of the medium
- The method of preparation of the medium for in vitro culture
Practical Layout of the Facility
- Preparation area
- Tissue culture transfer room
- Incubation room, which involves temperature and humidity control
Applications of Plant Cell Culture and Technology
- Micropropagation
- Haploid cultures
- Protoplast cultures, new varieties through protoplast fusion.
- New varieties through somaclonal variation & grafting
- Preservation and cryopreservation of germplasm
- Secondary metabolites from plant cultures
- Plant genetic engineering
Important Topic: Plant Genetic Engineering
- Agrobacterium tumefaciens
- Tools
- History of plant transformation
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Description
Test your knowledge on the functions and structures of plant cells. This quiz covers topics from vacuoles to cell division and the techniques used to study plant cells. Answer questions about enzymes, microscopy, and historical observations related to plant cell biology.
