BIOL3402 M2 Plant
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Questions and Answers

What is one primary role of the vacuole in plant cells?

  • Photosynthesis
  • Storage of substances (correct)
  • Cell division
  • Energy production

What is the origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts in plant cells associated with?

  • Endosymbiotic theory (correct)
  • Vesicular transport
  • Photosystem formation
  • Cell wall synthesis

Which microscopy technique is best for observing the detailed structure of chloroplasts?

  • Transmission electron microscopy (correct)
  • Fluorescence microscopy
  • Confocal laser scanning microscopy
  • Phase-contrast microscopy

During cell division, which structures are primarily involved in the formation of the cell plate in plant cells?

<p>Microtubules (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What enzyme type is most important for the hydrolysis of stored starch in plant cells?

<p>Amylase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does a vacuole typically play in a plant cell?

<p>Storing nutrients and waste products (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is primarily involved in the breakdown of starch during storage in plants?

<p>Amylase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts in plant cells?

<p>Endosymbiotic theory (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In light microscopy, what is the main purpose of the condenser?

<p>To illuminate the specimen evenly (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do plant cells primarily manage cell division?

<p>By forming a cell plate during cytokinesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which technique is NOT typically associated with plant cell culture?

<p>RNA sequencing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which plant growth regulators are crucial for differentiation in cell cultures?

<p>Auxin and cytokinins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of Robert Hooke's observations in the 17th century?

<p>He named and detailed the structure of cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of vacuoles in plant cells?

<p>Storage of nutrients and waste products (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is primarily responsible for the breakdown of stored starch in plant cells?

<p>Amylase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mitochondria and chloroplasts are thought to have evolved from which type of organism?

<p>Bacteria (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum magnification typically achievable with a transmission electron microscope (TEM)?

<p>1,000,000 to 2,000,000x (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures is unique to plant cells?

<p>Cell wall (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Light microscopy is limited to what maximum magnification factor?

<p>1000x (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What would most directly cause turgor pressure in plant cells?

<p>Osmosis of water into the cell (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main components of plant cell walls that provides structural integrity?

<p>Cellulose (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which cellular process are mitochondria primarily involved?

<p>Cell respiration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structural feature distinguishes plant cells from animal cells?

<p>Chloroplasts (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the appropriate incubation temperature for the propagation of Syngonium plantlets?

<p>25 °C (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component is NOT typically part of the plant tissue culture facility layout?

<p>Inoculation room (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How long should plantlets be exposed to light during the initial rooting phase?

<p>3 weeks (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what pH should the agar medium be for optimal propagation of Syngonium?

<p>5.049 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended environment for transplanting plantlets after rooting?

<p>High humidity and low light intensity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What technique does plant tissue culture primarily involve?

<p>Aseptically culturing plant cells in liquid or solid medium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phase follows the initiation of plant tissue culture?

<p>Callus proliferation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one significant advantage of tissue culture over traditional plant propagation methods?

<p>Ability to produce disease-free plants (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which application is NOT typically associated with plant tissue culture?

<p>Conventional soil farming (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the callus stage in tissue culture?

<p>To generate a mass of undifferentiated cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does plant tissue culture benefit agricultural practices?

<p>By shortening time in obtaining homozygous lines (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key aspect of using Agrobacterium tumefaciens in plant transformation?

<p>Altering plant DNA to introduce new traits (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of micropropagation in plant tissue culture?

<p>It allows for rapid multiplication of specific plant varieties. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which microscopy technique utilizes the highest magnification levels?

<p>Transmission electron microscopy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a unique feature of plant cells that contributes to their shape?

<p>Cellulose cell wall (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component in plant cells is primarily responsible for maintaining turgor pressure?

<p>Vacuole (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structural feature helps plant cells maintain rigidity and oppose turgor pressure?

<p>Cellulose fibrils in the cell wall (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes wilting in plant cells?

<p>Loss of water leading to loss of turgor pressure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a major difference between plant and animal cells?

<p>Regular shape of cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the cell wall in plant cells?

<p>Keep cells rigid and provide structural support (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which microscopy technique would one primarily observe the external surfaces of plant cells?

<p>Scanning electron microscopy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What provides the barrier for individual plant cells?

<p>Cell wall (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which microscopy method allows for the observation of live cells and their dynamic processes?

<p>Confocal laser scanning microscopy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process occurs when a plant cell is placed in a hypertonic solution, resulting in water loss?

<p>Plasmolysis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure in plant cells allows the movement of substances between neighboring cells?

<p>Plasmodesmata (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of the plasma membrane in plant cells?

<p>Transport across the membrane (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to a cell when water is added back after plasmolysis?

<p>It resumes normal turgor pressure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is cytoplasmic streaming?

<p>Movement of organelles within the cytoplasm (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can influence the non-targeted movement of molecules through plasmodesmata?

<p>Turgor pressure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of enzymes such as cellulases and macerozyme in protoplast isolation?

<p>To digest the cell wall (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structural feature distinguishes protoplasts from intact plant cells?

<p>Lack of cell wall (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of solution would cause water to enter a plant cell, resulting in turgor pressure?

<p>Hypotonic solution (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What components are typically found within the cytoplasm of a plant cell?

<p>Nucleus, organelles, proteins, and enzymes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical production scale for plant cell cultures using bioreactors?

<p>10-30+ litres (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a challenge in scaling up plant cell cultures?

<p>High oxygen requirements (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of polyethylene glycol (PEG 4000) in the process of introducing new genes to plant cells?

<p>To promote nuclei uptake and fusion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of fermenter is commonly used in the scaling up of plant cell cultures?

<p>Air-lift fermenter (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common issue faced during the cultivation of plant cells in culture?

<p>Cells clump together (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process involves creating hybrid plant cells through protoplast manipulation?

<p>Somatic hybridization (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following equipment is essential for establishing cell suspension cultures?

<p>Bioreactor (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which step is critical when preparing protoplasts from cell suspensions?

<p>Surface sterilization (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant advantage of suspension cultures over callus cultures?

<p>Suspension cultures grow faster than callus cultures. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the proliferation stage of tissue culture, what process occurs?

<p>Growth of explant to plantlets. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key requirement for establishing a tissue culture?

<p>Plant cells must be totipotent. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the pre-transplant stage in tissue culture?

<p>To initiate root and shoot development. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is micropropagation primarily used for?

<p>To propagate ornamental plants. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in the tissue culture process?

<p>Initiation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of cytokinin in the growth medium for tissue culture?

<p>It stimulates plantlet proliferation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is commonly done to the mother plant before tissue culture initiation?

<p>Cut into sections and disinfect. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are offspring produced through micropropagation primarily characterized as?

<p>Identical to the mother plant. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the incubation temperature recommended for a suspension culture?

<p>27°C (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the aggregations in suspension cultures?

<p>Aggregates of 20-100 cells. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phase allows for root and shoot development before final transplanting?

<p>Pre-transplant. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are protoplasts isolated in protoplast culture?

<p>Enzymatic digestion of cell walls. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of the establishment phase in tissue culture?

<p>To grow plantlets in soil. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Glandular trichomes

Specialized plant hairs that secrete substances.

Nonglandular trichomes

Plant hairs that do not secrete substances.

Plant cells

Cells with various shapes and sizes, some specialized.

Confocal laser scanning microscopy

Microscopy technique used to study plant cell biology.

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Plasmodesmata

Channels/pores that connect plant cells.

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Plant Cell Culture

Growing plant cells or tissues outside of a plant in a controlled environment.

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Totipotency

The ability of a single cell to develop into a complete plant.

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Cell Theory

All living things are made of cells, cells are the basic unit of life, and cells come from pre-existing cells.

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Plant Tissue Culture

A technique for growing plant cells and tissues in a laboratory.

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Aseptic Technique

Procedures to prevent contamination, essential for clean plant cultures.

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Haberlandt

Considered the Father of Plant Tissue Culture.

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Plant Growth Regulators

Substances like auxin and cytokinin that affect plant development.

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Micropropagation

Rapidly producing large numbers of plants from plant tissues.

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Plant Cell Structure

Plant cells have a cell wall, vacuole, chloroplasts, and mitochondria.

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Plant Cell Wall

A rigid outer layer made of cellulose, providing structural support and resisting turgor pressure.

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Turgor Pressure

Pressure exerted by fluid inside the cell (mostly water) against the cell wall.

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Chloroplast

Organelle where photosynthesis occurs making plant cells green

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Mitochondria

Organelles that produce energy for the cell, via cellular respiration.

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Cellulose

Major component of plant cell walls; structural strength.

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Osmosis

Movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane.

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Light Microscopy

Type of microscopy that uses visible light to magnify images.

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Electron Microscopy

Use of electrons to magnify images; higher resolution than light microscopy.

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Plant vs Animal Cell

Plant cells have cell walls, chloroplasts, and a large central vacuole which animal cells do not.

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What happens to plant cells in a hypertonic solution?

The plant cell loses water and undergoes plasmolysis due to the higher solute concentration outside the cell, causing the cell membrane to shrink away from the cell wall.

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What do you observe in light microscopy after plasmolysis?

In light microscopy, after plasmolysis you observe a separation between the plasma membrane and the cell wall, leading to the cytoplasm shrinking and the cell becoming flaccid.

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What is a protoplast?

A plant cell without its cell wall. It consists of the cytoplasm, nucleus, and other organelles.

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How are protoplasts created?

Protoplasts are created by using enzymes like cellulases and macerozyme to digest the cell wall.

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What is cytoplasmic streaming?

The directional movement of cytoplasm within a plant cell, often converging towards the nucleus.

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What is the function of the plasma membrane?

The plasma membrane acts as a barrier between the cytoplasm and the external environment. It regulates transport of substances into and out of the cell.

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What is the significance of the membrane in osmoregulation?

The plasma membrane plays a crucial role in osmoregulation by controlling the movement of water across it, maintaining the balance of water within the cell.

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Propagation of Syngonium

The process of multiplying Syngonium plants using plantlets, a type of asexual reproduction.

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Incubation Conditions

The ideal environment for rooting Syngonium plantlets, including temperature of 25°C and light exposure of 500-1000 foot candles for 3 weeks.

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Plantlet Transfer

After root development, Syngonium plantlets are moved to a greenhouse for further growth.

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Establishment Conditions

The ideal conditions for transplanting rooted Syngonium plantlets in a greenhouse: high humidity and low light intensity.

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Practical Tissue Culture Layout

The organization of a plant tissue culture facility with separate areas for media preparation, sterilization, tissue culture transfer, and plant incubation.

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Why is plant tissue culture important?

It's vital for studying plant biology, including basic research, applied sciences like molecular biology, biochemistry, development, and genetic engineering. It's also essential for commercial purposes like producing disease-free plants and generating new varieties.

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What are the advantages of tissue culture over intact plants?

Tissue cultures offer benefits like: 1. Large-scale growth for commercial production of plant products (metabolites or proteins). 2. Faster production of homozygous lines in breeding programs. 3. Efficient multiplication of desired plant varieties.

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What is an Explant?

A small piece of plant tissue, like a leaf disc or stem segment, used as the starting material in tissue culture. Explant cells are stimulated to divide and form undifferentiated callus.

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What is Callus?

A mass of undifferentiated plant cells that form when explants are cultured in vitro. This disorganized mass of cells has the potential to differentiate into various tissues, like roots and shoots, eventually forming a new plant.

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What is a Plantlet?

A small, young plant derived from tissue culture using a callus. It is an independent, miniature plant that can be transplanted into soil to continue growth.

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How do plant tissues regenerate into whole plants?

Plant cells retain the ability to differentiate - to become specialized cells, tissues, and organs. Through carefully controlled conditions and the use of plant hormones, a callus can be induced to develop shoots and roots, forming a complete plantlet.

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Bioreactors

Large vessels used to grow plant cells in a controlled environment, allowing for scaling-up of production.

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Air-lift Fermenter

A type of bioreactor where air bubbles are used to mix the culture, providing oxygen and keeping the cells in suspension.

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Stir Tank Fermenter

A bioreactor where a mechanical stirrer mixes the culture, supplying oxygen and preventing cell settling.

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Scaling Up Plant Cell Cultures

The process of increasing the production of plant cells from a small laboratory scale to a larger industrial scale.

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Protoplast

A plant cell without its rigid cell wall, making it easier to introduce new genes.

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Somatic Hybridization

The process of fusing protoplasts from different plant species to create a hybrid with combined traits.

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PEG 4000

A chemical used to promote the fusion of protoplasts to create hybrids.

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Callus

A mass of undifferentiated plant cells that can be induced to regenerate into a whole plant.

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Suspension Culture

Growing plant cells in a liquid medium, often in a shaker or bioreactor, allowing for faster growth than callus cultures.

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Callus Culture

Growing plant cells in a solid medium, typically on agar plates, forming a mass of undifferentiated cells.

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Protoplast Culture

Growing plant cells without their cell walls, isolated with enzymes, and maintained in liquid medium.

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Tissue Culture Stages

Four stages of tissue culture: Initiation, Proliferation, Pre-transplant, and Establishment.

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Explant

A small piece of plant tissue used to start a tissue culture.

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Mother Plant

The original healthy plant from which explants are taken for micropropagation.

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Cytokinin

A plant hormone that promotes cell division and shoot growth.

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Subculture

Transferring a portion of a tissue culture to fresh growth medium.

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Liquid Media

Growth medium for plant cells in a liquid form, allowing for suspension cultures.

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Sterilization

A process to kill bacteria and fungi, vital for preventing contamination in tissue culture.

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Regeneration

The process of developing a whole plant from plant cells or tissues in culture.

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Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)

A type of electron microscopy that provides detailed 3D images of the surface of plant cells. Used for seeing the external features of cells.

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Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)

A type of electron microscopy that allows us to see the internal structures of plant cells, revealing the details of organelles.

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Cell Wall

A rigid outer layer of plant cells composed mainly of cellulose. It provides structural support and protection, and helps the cell withstand turgor pressure.

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Vacuole

A large storage sac in plant cells that stores water, nutrients, and waste products. It also helps maintain cell turgor pressure.

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Study Notes

BIOL3402 Cell Biology & Cell Technology

  • This course covers techniques in plant cell biology and plant cell cultures.
  • The course instructor is Dr. Peng Wang.
  • Contact information for Dr. Wang is provided for students.
  • The course aims to provide an understanding of cell structure, function, cell culture principles, and instrumentation in biology and biotechnology.

Learning Outcomes

  • Students will gain fundamental knowledge on plant cell biology and cell technology.
  • Students will learn some laboratory techniques in plant cell culture.
  • Students will improve their ability to cooperate and work with other students.
  • Students will understand real-life situations in plant cell biology and cell technology.

Assessment

  • A 2-hour written exam (50%).
  • A quiz (20%).
  • Practical work assessment (30%).
  • A lab report will be submitted at the end of each lab session.
  • Prepare for the quiz and exam using Moodle materials.

Course Content

  • Lectures (6 sessions) and practical sessions (3 sessions/labs) will cover the topics:
    • Plant cell biology and plant cell culture techniques in plant cell biology.
    • Tools, media, equipment and environmental conditions for plant cell culture.
    • Aseptic techniques, callus cultures, regeneration, and micropropagation.
    • Applications of plant cell culture, including micropropagation, and protoplast cultures.
    • Somaclonal variants, grafting, cryopreservation, and secondary metabolites.
    • Plant genetic engineering and other related topics.

Practical Details

  • Lab session starts at 2:30 PM.
  • Protoplast isolation and observation from flowering Chinese cabbage and capsicum will be performed. 
  • Samples of different plant cells, including starch grains, plasmolysis, guard cells, stomata, xylem, and trichomes, will be examined at display stations
  • Students need to wear a lab coat.
  • Hand in the lab report by the end of the session.

Microscopy Methods

  • Light microscopy
  • Electron microscopy
  • Confocal laser scanning microscopy
  • Techniques will be detailed in the course

Course Materials

  • Moodle e-notes
  • Find@HKUL for book references & electronic reserves

Reference Materials

  • Several video resources are suggested for further learning.
  • These videos provide additional information on plant cell biology and culture.

Plant Cell Biology Laboratory Session

  • Topics covered: Isolating protoplasts, Using light microscopy to examine onion epidermal cells, trichomes of African violets, and leaves and stem of Arabidopsis.

Specialised Plant Cells

  • There are specialized plant cells, such as the xylem vessel elements(cell walls), that will be covered in detail.

Plant Tissue Culture

  • The technique of in vitro plant cell culture will be covered.
  • This technique involves growing plant cells, tissues, or organs aseptically in a liquid or on solid agar medium.
  • Several methods of using plant tissue culture will be covered in detail.

Plant Growth Regulators

  • Plant growth regulators (e.g., auxins and cytokinins) are plant hormones that may be used in plant propagation, culture and growth.
  • There are different examples of auxins and cytokinins that are commonly used in cultures.

Techniques in In Vitro Plant Cell Culture

  • Aseptic techniques, initiation of callus cultures, and regeneration of tissue cultures

In Vitro Plant Cell Culture Types

  • Intact plant culture
  • Callus culture
  • Embryo culture
  • Organ culture
  • Suspension culture
  • Protoplast culture

Steps of Plant Tissue Culture

  • Initiation
  • Proliferation
  • Pre-transplant
  • Establishment

Advantages of Using Plant Tissue Culture

  • Reduces production cost
  • Possibility in using food as a drug and vaccine delivery system

Important Factors for Successful Plant Cell Culture

  • The composition of the medium
  • The method of preparation of the medium for in vitro culture

Practical Layout of the Facility

  • Preparation area
  • Tissue culture transfer room
  • Incubation room, which involves temperature and humidity control

Applications of Plant Cell Culture and Technology

  • Micropropagation
  • Haploid cultures
  • Protoplast cultures, new varieties through protoplast fusion.
  • New varieties through somaclonal variation & grafting
  • Preservation and cryopreservation of germplasm
  • Secondary metabolites from plant cultures
  • Plant genetic engineering

Important Topic: Plant Genetic Engineering

  • Agrobacterium tumefaciens
  • Tools
  • History of plant transformation

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BIOL3402 Cell Biology & Cell Technology PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on the functions and structures of plant cells. This quiz covers topics from vacuoles to cell division and the techniques used to study plant cells. Answer questions about enzymes, microscopy, and historical observations related to plant cell biology.

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