Plant Cell Biology Quiz

The Golgi apparatus stores, sorts, and modifies substances from the ER, packaging them into vesicles for secretion out of the cell.

Mitochondria are small, elongated organelles with folded inner membranes. They are the sites of aerobic respiration, where energy is extracted from food substances in the presence of oxygen.

A large central vacuole filled with cell sap, surrounded by a membrane called the tonoplast.

Cellulose cell walls are non-living and permeable, providing protection and shape to the cell.

Chloroplasts are oval, membrane-bound organelles filled with chlorophyll; they are responsible for photosynthesis.

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a network of interconnected membranes involved in protein synthesis and lipid/steroid production.

Ribosomes are small, granular structures responsible for synthesizing proteins.

The nucleus is the control center of the cell, containing DNA and regulating cellular activities.

The movement of molecules from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration.

A membrane that allows some substances to pass through but not others. It's like a picky doorman.

The process where oxygen is used up in a cell for respiration, causing a lower concentration of oxygen inside the cell than outside.

The process where waste products like carbon dioxide are produced in a cell, leading to a higher concentration of waste inside the cell.

A single-celled organism like an amoeba that uses diffusion to take in nutrients.

The net movement of water molecules from a region of high water potential to a region of low water potential, across a partially permeable membrane.

A measure of the tendency of water molecules to move from one region to another. It's like a measure of how much water wants to move.

A solution with a higher concentration of solutes has a lower water potential because fewer free water molecules are available to move.

Enzyme that breaks down starch (polysaccharide) into maltose (disaccharide).

Enzyme that breaks down maltose (disaccharide) into glucose (monosaccharide).

Enzyme that breaks down proteins (polypeptides) into amino acids.

Enzyme that breaks down fats (lipids) into fatty acids and glycerol.

A finger-like projection in the small intestine that increases surface area for absorption of nutrients.

A blood vessel that carries blood rich in absorbed nutrients from the small intestine to the liver.

The largest internal organ, involved in a variety of processes including carbohydrate metabolism, fat digestion, red blood cell breakdown, amino acid metabolism and detoxification of alcohol.

The effects of excessive alcohol consumption include reduced self-control, a depressant effect on the nervous system, slowed reaction times, liver damage and social problems.

The pressure exerted by the water inside a plant cell against its cell wall.

The movement of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane from a region of higher water potential to a region of lower water potential, specifically within living organisms.

Water will move from a region of higher water potential (less concentrated solution) to a region of lower water potential (more concentrated solution) across a partially permeable membrane until the water potentials are equal.

The cell wall is fully permeable, allowing water and solutes to pass through freely. The cell membrane is partially permeable, controlling what enters and exits the cell.

The large central vacuole in a plant cell, filled with cell sap, is responsible for maintaining turgor pressure and plays a crucial role in water potential.

The cell wall exerts an opposing pressure on the cell contents, preventing the entry of more water and ensuring that the cell does not burst.

The process by which food is moved through the digestive tract, specifically the small intestine.

The first part of the small intestine where chyme mixes with digestive juices from the pancreas, liver, gallbladder, and intestinal glands.

An alkaline solution produced by the pancreas containing enzymes like trypsinogen, pancreatic amylase, and pancreatic lipase, vital for breaking down food.

A greenish-yellow alkaline fluid produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder. It helps break down fats into smaller droplets, aiding in digestion.

The process of breaking down large fat droplets into smaller droplets, increasing their surface area for lipase enzymes to work on.

An enzyme found in pancreatic juice and intestinal juice that breaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerol.

An enzyme found in intestinal juice that breaks down lactose into glucose and galactose.

The process of breaking down nutrients into smaller, absorbable molecules in the small intestine.

Teeth break down food into smaller pieces, increasing surface area for digestive enzymes.

Saliva moistens food for swallowing and contains salivary amylase, an enzyme that breaks down starch into maltose.

The tongue rolls food into a ball called a bolus, which is then swallowed.

The esophagus is a muscular tube that moves food from your mouth to your stomach using peristalsis.

The stomach is a muscular bag with deep pits that secrete gastric juice, which includes hydrochloric acid (HCl) and pepsinogen.

Hydrochloric acid (HCl) in the stomach denatures salivary amylase, activates pepsinogen into pepsin, and kills bacteria.

Pepsin, a protease enzyme, breaks down proteins in the stomach.

Chyme is a semi-liquid food mixture that passes from the stomach to the small intestine through the pyloric sphincter.