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Questions and Answers
What is the process of producing microspores called?
What is the process of producing microspores called?
Which term describes the development of the embryo sac from a megaspore?
Which term describes the development of the embryo sac from a megaspore?
Which of the following is NOT a method of vegetative reproduction?
Which of the following is NOT a method of vegetative reproduction?
What type of reproduction occurs without the fusion of male and female gametes?
What type of reproduction occurs without the fusion of male and female gametes?
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Which plant part is involved in the process of natural vegetative reproduction through rhizomes?
Which plant part is involved in the process of natural vegetative reproduction through rhizomes?
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In apomixis, what happens regarding fertilization?
In apomixis, what happens regarding fertilization?
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What is the term for the fusion of a sperm with the egg cell to produce a zygote?
What is the term for the fusion of a sperm with the egg cell to produce a zygote?
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Which of the following processes produces haploid microspores?
Which of the following processes produces haploid microspores?
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What is the primary objective of plant breeding focused on eliminating toxic substances?
What is the primary objective of plant breeding focused on eliminating toxic substances?
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Which of the following is a reason for changing the maturity duration in plant breeding?
Which of the following is a reason for changing the maturity duration in plant breeding?
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What does the pure line theory propose?
What does the pure line theory propose?
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Who was responsible for the first inter-generic cross that gave birth to Triticale?
Who was responsible for the first inter-generic cross that gave birth to Triticale?
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What significant contribution did Flor, H.H. make to plant breeding?
What significant contribution did Flor, H.H. make to plant breeding?
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What aspect of plant breeding does photoinsensitivity relate to?
What aspect of plant breeding does photoinsensitivity relate to?
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Which method modifies pedigree breeding by using mass progeny selections?
Which method modifies pedigree breeding by using mass progeny selections?
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What does Donald, C.M.'s work focus on in the context of plant breeding?
What does Donald, C.M.'s work focus on in the context of plant breeding?
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Study Notes
Plant Breeding
- Plant breeding is an art and science, providing ways to alter plant genetics for desired traits.
- Objectives: Increased yield, improved quality, elimination of toxins, biotic/abiotic stress resistance, altered maturity times, enhanced agronomic traits (e.g., increased tillers in rice), reduced plant height, non-shattering seeds, synchronized maturity, determinate growth, and elimination/introduction of dormancy.
History of Plant Breeding
- 1717: Thomas produced the first artificial hybrid between sweet william and carnation.
- 1857: Fairchild proposed individual plant selection based on progeny testing (Vilmorin's principle).
- 1890: Rimpu created the first inter-generic cross between bread wheat and rye (Triticale).
- 1903: Johansen proposed the "pure line theory," based on self-fertilized homozygous plants.
- 1917: Jones used genetic male sterility in maize hybrid development.
- 1917: Vavilov identified centers of crop diversity (8 main, 3 subcenters).
- 1935: Nagaharu developed tetraploid Brassica species using a triangular method.
- 1937: Harrington proposed a mass pedigree breeding method (modification of pedigree method).
- 1956: Flor developed the concept of gene-for-gene hypothesis in flax pathogen resistance.
- 1963: Vanderplank developed vertical and horizontal resistance concepts in flax.
- 1968: Donald worked on crop ideotypes (wheat) and Shull on maize hybrid development.
Modes of Reproduction
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Sexual Reproduction: Plant multiplication through embryos formed by fusion of male and female gametes (seeds).
- Sporogenesis: Production of microspores (pollen) and megaspores (ovules).
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Microsporogenesis: Microspores form pollen grains in the anther.
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Megasporogenesis: Megaspore mother cell develops into megaspores inside the ovule.
- Gametogenesis: Microspores/megaspores develop into male/female gametes.
- Fertilization: Fusion of male and female gametes.
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Pollen tube carries sperm to the egg to create a diploid zygote.
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Asexual Reproduction: Plant multiplication without gamete fusion.
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Vegetative: Natural—rhizomes, tubers, corms, bulbs. Artificial—stem cuttings, root cuttings
- Apomixis: Seed development without fertilization (parthenogenesis, apogamy, apospory, adventive embryony).
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Vegetative: Natural—rhizomes, tubers, corms, bulbs. Artificial—stem cuttings, root cuttings
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Description
Explore the fascinating evolution of plant breeding, an essential field that combines art and science to enhance agricultural practices. This quiz covers significant milestones in plant breeding from the first hybrid to advanced genetic techniques, focusing on achieving desired traits in crops.
