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Questions and Answers
Which type of explant is typically used for direct or indirect organogenesis?
Which type of explant is typically used for direct or indirect organogenesis?
What is a common reason to avoid using in vivo explants other than seeds, shoot tips, or nodal segments?
What is a common reason to avoid using in vivo explants other than seeds, shoot tips, or nodal segments?
Which of the following is classified under organized structure culture?
Which of the following is classified under organized structure culture?
Which type of culture involves the growth and maintenance of unorganized cell masses?
Which type of culture involves the growth and maintenance of unorganized cell masses?
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What is the primary content of an isolated root culture?
What is the primary content of an isolated root culture?
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Which of the following is NOT considered a type of unorganized structure culture?
Which of the following is NOT considered a type of unorganized structure culture?
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Which explants are typically avoided for culture establishment due to physiological stress concerns?
Which explants are typically avoided for culture establishment due to physiological stress concerns?
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In which type of culture are fertilized or unfertilized zygotic embryos used?
In which type of culture are fertilized or unfertilized zygotic embryos used?
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What principle did Haberlandt propose that is foundational to plant tissue culture?
What principle did Haberlandt propose that is foundational to plant tissue culture?
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Which hormone was discovered to play a crucial role in plant growth according to the content?
Which hormone was discovered to play a crucial role in plant growth according to the content?
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Who optimized the growth medium for plants under in vitro conditions?
Who optimized the growth medium for plants under in vitro conditions?
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What do protoplast fusion techniques involve?
What do protoplast fusion techniques involve?
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What technique is used to preserve plant cells at ultra-low temperatures?
What technique is used to preserve plant cells at ultra-low temperatures?
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Which process involves the production of haploid plants through specific plant culture methods?
Which process involves the production of haploid plants through specific plant culture methods?
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Which type of plant materials can be used to create synthetic seeds?
Which type of plant materials can be used to create synthetic seeds?
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What is a significant outcome of somaclonal variations in tissue culture?
What is a significant outcome of somaclonal variations in tissue culture?
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Who is credited with discovering that cultured root and stem tips can produce buds?
Who is credited with discovering that cultured root and stem tips can produce buds?
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What is the primary purpose of using callus culture in plant tissue culture?
What is the primary purpose of using callus culture in plant tissue culture?
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What is the primary goal of anther culture in plant tissue culture?
What is the primary goal of anther culture in plant tissue culture?
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Which of the following is NOT an advantage of plant tissue culture?
Which of the following is NOT an advantage of plant tissue culture?
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What challenge is associated with genetic uniformity in tissue-cultured plants?
What challenge is associated with genetic uniformity in tissue-cultured plants?
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What does somaclonal variation refer to in tissue-cultured plants?
What does somaclonal variation refer to in tissue-cultured plants?
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What is a key benefit of using plant tissue culture for rare and endangered species?
What is a key benefit of using plant tissue culture for rare and endangered species?
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Which of the following statements about the disadvantages of plant tissue culture is true?
Which of the following statements about the disadvantages of plant tissue culture is true?
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How does tissue culture facilitate the production of secondary metabolites?
How does tissue culture facilitate the production of secondary metabolites?
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Why can plant tissue culture be performed year-round?
Why can plant tissue culture be performed year-round?
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What is the main focus of plant biotechnology?
What is the main focus of plant biotechnology?
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What does the term 'totipotency' refer to in plant tissue culture?
What does the term 'totipotency' refer to in plant tissue culture?
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Which of the following statements about plant tissue culture is true?
Which of the following statements about plant tissue culture is true?
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What is the concept of 'plasticity' in the context of plant tissues?
What is the concept of 'plasticity' in the context of plant tissues?
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What was a major advancement in plant biotechnology compared to traditional methods?
What was a major advancement in plant biotechnology compared to traditional methods?
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Under what conditions are most plant tissue cultures maintained?
Under what conditions are most plant tissue cultures maintained?
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Which of the following is an application of plant tissue culture?
Which of the following is an application of plant tissue culture?
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What can be considered a disadvantage of plant tissue culture?
What can be considered a disadvantage of plant tissue culture?
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Study Notes
Plant Biotechnology
- Plant biotechnology involves using science and technology to alter plants or their parts for knowledge, goods, and services
- It encompasses techniques for screening and genetic manipulation of plants
- Traditional breeding techniques were used in the past: selection, hybridization (crossing)
- Plant tissue culture techniques are frequently used today
Plant Tissue Culture
- Uses isolated parts of plants called explants
- Explants are cultured on a nutrient medium, which replaces the environment they were originally in
- Cultures are usually maintained in aseptic conditions. Exceptions include experiments on phytopathology and co-culture studies
- The concept of plant tissue culture is based on totipotency and plasticity
- Totipotency: any plant cell can become a whole plant with nourishment
- Plasticity: the ability of an organism to change its phenotype in response to different environments
Brief History of Plant Tissue Culture
- 1756: Henri Louis observed that cells form at wound sites in elm plants
- 1878: Vöchting observed that the upper part of a shoot produces buds and the lower part produces callus and roots
- 1902: Gottlieb Haberlandt proposed the principle of totipotency
- 1922: Kotte and Robbins cultured root and stem tips
- 1926: Fritz Went discovered the first plant growth hormone, indole acetic acid
- 1939: Gautheret and Nobecourt worked independently on callus cultures
- 1946: Ernest Ball produced plants from shoot tip culture
- 1962: Murashige and Skoog optimized a medium for plant growth in vitro
- 1964: Guha and Maheshwari produced haploid plants from anther culture
- 1970: Power et. al. fused isolated plant protoplasts
Importance of Plant Tissue Culture
- Rapid Clonal Propagation: Produces many genetically identical plants from a single parent plant. Useful for valuable or rare species
- Year-Round Propagation: Tissue culture is not affected by seasons, unlike traditional methods
- Disease-Free Plants: Starts with sterile explants, which are free from diseases, pests, and pathogens
- Preservation of Rare or Endangered Species: Helps conserve and grow threatened species
- Genetic Modification: Introduces desired traits such as pest and disease resistance, environmental stress tolerance
- Production of Secondary Metabolites: Produces pharmaceuticals, essential oils, and other valuable plant compounds
- Storage and Banking of Genetic Material: Long-term storage of seeds, embryos, and meristems to preserve genetic diversity
Disadvantages of Plant Tissue Culture
- Labor-Intensive: Requires technical expertise and labor, making it expensive
- Genetic Uniformity: Can lead to lack of diversity, making plants susceptible to new pests and diseases
- Risk of Somaclonal Variation: Genetic variations that can occur in tissue-cultured plants, resulting in unexpected traits or mutations
Rules for Explant Selection
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Select superior-quality, disease-free plants and explant types
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Young leaves (in vitro leaves) are used for direct or indirect organogenesis or somatic embryogenesis
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Other explants, except seeds, shoot tips, or nodal segments, are avoided, as the tissue is highly differentiated. Forcing it to dedifferentiate and redifferentiate can cause physiological stress.
Types of Plant Tissue Cultures
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Organized Structure Culture:
- Meristem Culture: Excised shoot apices with apical meristematic dome, with or without leaf primordia
- Shoot Tip Culture: Excised shoot tips or buds larger than shoot apices. Used to establish meristem cultures, typically with several leaf primordia
- Node Culture: Separate lateral buds with a small piece of stem tissue. Can have single or multiple nodes
- Isolated Root Culture: Growth of roots unconnected to shoots. Might obtain a branched root system
- Embryo Culture: Fertilized or unfertilized zygotic (seed) embryos are dissected out of seeds or fruits and cultured until they become seedlings
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Unorganized Structure Culture
- Callus Culture: Growth of unorganized cell masses from plant organs, tissues, or previously cultured cells
- Suspension Cell Culture: Populations of plant cells and small cell clumps dispersed in an agitated, aerated, liquid medium
- Protoplast Culture: Cultures of plant cells without a cell wall
- Anther Culture: Cultures of complete anthers containing immature pollen microspores. Aim is to obtain haploid plants through somatic embryo formation
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Description
Explore the fascinating world of plant biotechnology, focusing on the techniques and history of plant tissue culture. Learn about the critical concepts of totipotency and plasticity that are fundamental to the manipulation of plant cells. This quiz will challenge your understanding of how science shapes our interaction with plants.
