Plant Biology Quiz: Reproduction and Structures
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Questions and Answers

Which process does the embryo undergo to develop into a mature plant?

  • Mitosis (correct)
  • Budding
  • Meiosis
  • Binary Fission

    • Which of the following best describes a hermaphrodite flower, as exemplified by Gumamela?

  • It possesses both male and female reproductive organs in a single flower. (correct)
  • It contains only female reproductive organs.
  • It contains only male reproductive organs.
  • It requires pollination from a separate plant.

    • What is the role of the endosperm within the seed?

  • To protect the seed from external damage.
  • To provide nourishment for the developing embryo. (correct)
  • To facilitate seed dispersal by wind or animals.
  • To attract pollinators to the flower.

    • Which of the following is the correct term for plants like corn, where separate male and female flowers are found on the same individual plant?

    <p>Monoecious (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In corn, what structure contains the male sex cells (pollen grains)?

    <p>The tassel (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In squash plants, how can one typically differentiate between male and female flowers?

    <p>By the presence of an ovary at the base of the flower (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure in the corn plant to which pollen grains must adhere for successful pollination?

    <p>The Silk (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ploidy of the embryo after fertilization?

    <p>Diploid (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the immediate result of the fusion of two gametes during sexual reproduction?

    <p>A zygote (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic primarily distinguishes sexual reproduction from asexual reproduction?

    <p>The genetic similarity of the offspring to the parent (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the endosperm within a seed?

    <p>To provide nutrients for the developing embryo (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In flowering plants, what is the primary advantage of cross-pollination compared to self-pollination?

    <p>It promotes genetic diversity within the species (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure in a flower contains the pollen?

    <p>Anther (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes the chromosome number in gametes produced during sexual reproduction?

    <p>Haploid, containing half the number of chromosomes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves the fusion of a sperm and an egg?

    <p>Syngamy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A bacterium forms which structure to exchange genetic material during conjugation?

    <p>Pilus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes unisexual flowers from bisexual flowers?

    <p>Unisexual flowers contain only male or female reproductive organs, while bisexual flowers contain both. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of fertilization does the fusion of gametes occur inside the female’s body?

    <p>Internal Fertilization (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In plants, what process leads to the formation of a seed?

    <p>Fertilization (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these organisms reproduce sexually solely by conjugation?

    <p>Protozoans (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the structure in male seahorses where eggs are deposited?

    <p>Brood Pouch (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process results in offspring with a diploid number of chromosomes?

    <p>Fertilization (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The exchange of genetic material via a pilus during conjugation leads to what?

    <p>A bacterium with new combinations of DNA (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process is an example of genetic recombination in unicellular organisms?

    <p>Conjugation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the immune response in adaptive immunity?

    <p>Antigens present in the pathogen (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between active and passive immunity?

    <p>Active immunity involves the body producing its own antibodies, while passive immunity involves receiving antibodies from an external source (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of naturally acquired active immunity?

    <p>Recovering from a chickenpox infection (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do vaccines lead to artificial active immunity?

    <p>By introducing a weakened or inactive form of a pathogen, stimulating the immune system to produce antibodies (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of innate immunity?

    <p>It is present from birth and encoded in the genes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the immune system?

    <p>To protect the body from diseases by detecting and responding to pathogens. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An antibody created by immune cells is specific to what?

    <p>A particular bacteria or virus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the process of fission?

    <p>The division of a single entity into two or more parts, each regenerating into separate entities. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of an organism that reproduces through binary fission?

    <p>Amoeba (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do liver flukes typically reside in humans after infection?

    <p>The bile ducts and liver (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the initial step in how the body defends itself against pathogens?

    <p>Pathogen Exposure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes multiple fission?

    <p>Organisms divide into numerous daughter cells. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the immunity that occurs following exposure to a pathogen?

    <p>Adaptive immunity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following organisms is capable of reproducing through fragmentation?

    <p>Multicellular organism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term given to the process by which fish and frogs release their eggs into the water during external fertilization?

    <p>Spawning (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following characteristics applies to offspring produced through asexual reproduction?

    <p>Genetically identical to the single parent (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between vegetative reproduction and apomixis in plants?

    <p>Vegetative reproduction does not involve the production of seeds or spores, while apomixis results in the production of seeds without fertilization (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which form of asexual reproduction involves the development of an embryo from an unfertilized egg?

    <p>Parthenogenesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which reproductive strategy is characteristic of earthworms?

    <p>Simultaneous hermaphroditism with sperm exchange (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which of the following scenarios does the male organism carry the fertilized eggs until they hatch?

    <p>Seahorse (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ginger and potatoes reproduce asexually through specialized...

    <p>Roots (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Sexual reproduction

    A reproductive process involving two parents that combine gametes.

    Gamete

    A haploid reproductive cell (egg or sperm) involved in sexual reproduction.

    Zygote

    The fertilized egg formed by the union of an egg and sperm.

    Asexual reproduction

    A reproductive process that requires only one parent, producing genetically identical offspring.

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    Pollination

    The process by which pollen is transferred to fertilize ovules in flowering plants.

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    Self-pollination

    Fertilization occurring when a plant's own pollen fertilizes its ovules.

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    Cross pollination

    Fertilization that occurs when pollen from one plant fertilizes the ovules of another plant.

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    Endosperm

    The tissue within seed that provides nutrients to the developing embryo.

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    Fertilization

    The fusion of two haploid chromosomes that forms a diploid embryo.

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    Diploid

    A cell with two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent.

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    Unisexual flowers

    Flowers that have either male or female reproductive organs but not both, found on the same plant.

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    Monoecious plants

    Plants that have both male and female reproductive organs on the same individual.

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    Tassel

    The male part of the corn plant that produces pollen grains.

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    Silk

    Hair-like structures on corn that receive pollen for fertilization.

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    Syngamy

    Common type of sexual reproduction involving fertilization of haploid cells.

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    Conjugation

    A type of sexual reproduction in unicellular organisms through genetic exchange.

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    Internal Fertilization

    Fertilization that occurs within the female's body using a male's reproductive organ.

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    External Fertilization

    Fertilization that occurs outside the female's body, typically in water.

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    Haploid Cells

    Cells containing one complete set of chromosomes, found in gametes.

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    Diploid Cells

    Cells containing two complete sets of chromosomes, typical in somatic cells.

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    Pilus

    A conjugation tube that bacteria form to exchange genetic material.

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    Adaptive Immunity

    Type of immunity where the body adapts to specific pathogens through immune responses.

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    Antigen

    Substance that triggers an immune response, found in pathogens like bacteria or viruses.

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    Antibody

    Specific protein created by immune cells to target and destroy particular pathogens.

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    Active Immunity

    Immunity where the body produces its own antibodies after exposure to an antigen.

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    Passive Immunity

    Immunity gained without the immune system producing antibodies, often transferred from mother.

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    Liver flukes

    Parasitic worms that infect humans through undercooked meat and fish.

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    Regeneration

    Asexual reproduction where an organism regrows certain body parts.

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    Budding

    A type of asexual reproduction where a new organism develops from an outgrowth.

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    Fission

    Division of a single entity into two or more parts, each forming new organisms.

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    Binary fission

    A type of fission where a cell divides into two identical halves.

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    Multiple fission

    Division of an organism into numerous daughter cells.

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    Innate immunity

    Natural immunity an organism is born with for lifetime protection.

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    Male Seahorse Reproduction

    Male seahorses carry fertilized eggs for 2 to 4 weeks and give birth to 100-1,000 young.

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    Earthworm Reproductive System

    Earthworms have both male and female organs but usually need a mate to reproduce.

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    Asexual Reproduction in Plants

    Plants can reproduce asexually through vegetative methods like runners and tubers.

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    Apomixis

    Apomixis is producing seeds without fertilization, creating clones of the parent.

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    Types of Asexual Reproduction

    Asexual reproduction includes parthenogenesis, fragmentation, budding, regeneration, and fission.

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    Parthenogenesis

    Parthenogenesis is development of an embryo from an unfertilized egg.

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    Fragmentation

    Fragmentation is when an organism splits into pieces, and each piece develops into a new individual.

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    Study Notes

    Sexual Reproduction in Plants and Animals

    • Sexual reproduction in animals requires the joining of a sperm and egg in a process called fertilization.
    • Each sperm and egg have half the number of chromosomes present in the parent.
    • Following fertilization, a zygote is formed. The zygote develops into an embryo, which continues to develop until it becomes a mature individual.
    • The new organism resulting from sexual reproduction is genetically different from both parents.

    Asexual Reproduction in Plants and Animals

    • Asexual reproduction requires only one parent.
    • The offspring has a genetically identical copy of the parent.
    • Asexual reproduction is primarily observed in unicellular organisms, like bacteria, protozoans, and some fungi.

    Plant Reproduction

    • Plants reproduce sexually through two processes: unisexual and bisexual.
    • Unisexual flowers contain male and female reproductive organs in separate flowers.
    • Bisexual flowers contain both male and female reproductive organs in the same flower.
    • Flowers are the reproductive structures of angiosperms (seed-bearing plants).
    • Common flower parts: stamen (anther and filament), pistil (stigma, style, and ovary), petal, sepal, and ovary.
    • Pollination: transfer of pollen from the stamen to the stigma of the flower.
    • Self-pollination: plant's own pollen fertilizes its own ovules.
    • Cross-pollination: pollen from one plant fertilizes the ovules of another plant.
    • The union of a pollen and an ovum during fertilization results in the formation of a seed. The seed contains the seed coat, embryo, and endosperm which supplies the embryo with nutrients to grow.
    • Plants have two types of asexual reproduction – vegetative and apomixis.
    • Vegetative reproduction results in new plant individuals without seed production.
    • Apomixis results in the production of seeds without passing through sexual reproduction. The offspring is a clone of the female parent.
    • Examples of apomixis in plants: dandelion, hawweed, citrus, and Kentucky bluegrass.

    Animal Reproduction

    • Syngamy is the most common type of sexual reproduction observed in animal species such as humans. It involves the union of two haploid sex cells through fertilization.
    • There are two types of fertilization in animals: internal and external fertilization.
    • Internal fertilization occurs inside the female's body.
    • External fertilization occurs outside the female's body.
    • Examples of organisms with internal fertilization: mammals (cats, dogs, horses, cattle, humans).
    • Examples of organisms with external fertilization: fish and frogs.
    • In some species like seahorses, the male carries the fertilized eggs for a specific period, depending on the species.

    Asexual Reproduction in Animals

    • Asexual reproduction in animals is done without the fusion of gametes.
    • The offspring is a genetically identical copy of the single parent.
    • Types of asexual reproduction are parthenogenesis, fragmentation, budding, regeneration, and fission.
    • Parthenogenesis: development of an embryo from an unfertilized egg.
    • Fragmentation: splitting of an organism into fragments, each of which develops into a mature, fully-grown individual.
    • Budding: outgrowth or bud develops from an existing organism.
    • Regeneration: regrowing of certain body parts. This happens in some species of lizards and worms.
    • Fission: division of a single organism into two or more parts, with each part developing into a new organism. Forms of fission are binary and multiple fission.

    Immune System

    • The immune system of plants and animals operates to protect the organism from disease.
    • Immunity is the body's ability to protect itself from infectious disease. Immunity can be innate or adaptive.
    • Innate immunity: natural or genetic immunity.
    • Innate Immunity protects through, external defenses, and internal defenses.
    • Adaptive Immunity is triggered by pathogen exposure. The body adapts its response to the specific pathogen to fight it off, creating antibodies.
    • Antigen: Substance on a pathogen that triggers an immune response.
    • Antibody: specialized molecule that is created by immune cells to destroy the particular bacteria or virus.

    Specific examples (plants)

    • Squash flowers are unisexual, meaning male and female flowers grow separately on the same plant.
    • Papaya is a polygamous plant, with three types of flowers: staminate (unisexual- male flowers), pistillate (unisexual- female flowers) and hermaphrodites (bisexual- flowers containing both male and female reproductive organs).
    • Gumamela is a good example of a bisexual flower since both male and female reproductive organs are in the same flower.
    • Corn is a monoecious plant(hermaphrodite), meaning both the male and female parts are present in the same plant. Corn is wind-pollinated.

    Specific Examples (animals) - More Examples

    • Earthworms are simultaneous hermaphrodites; they have both male and female reproductive organs but need a mate to reproduce.
    • Fish and frogs reproduce by external fertilization.

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    Plant and Animal Sexual Reproduction Notes PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on plant reproduction and the structures involved in the development of flowering plants. This quiz covers topics like hermaphrodite flowers, the role of endosperm, and the differences between male and female flowers. Challenge yourself with questions related to plant gametes and pollination processes.

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