Plant Biology Quiz on Vaucheria and Thallus Organization
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is true about Vaucheria?

  • It has only one type of cell division.
  • It has a smooth, non-branching system.
  • It exhibits branching systems with rhizoids. (correct)
  • It does not form reproductive organs.

    • Most tropical Siphonales are not calcified.

    False (B)

    What type of thallus organization is characterized by cell division in more than one plane?

    Parenchymatous

    The example of tubular structure in Chlorophyceae is __________.

    <p>Enteromorpha</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following organisms with their thallus organization:

    <p>Viva = Foliose Sargassum = Parenchymatous Caulerpa = Large branched siphon Codium = Intricate vesicle system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following classes contains flagellated unicelled structures?

    <p>Euglenineae (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All members of Chlorophyceae have flagella that are unequal in size.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name a common example of a unicellular flagellated form.

    <p>Chlamydomonas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Euglena is classified as a __________ unicellular flagellated form.

    <p>naked</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a notable feature of motile flagellated forms?

    <p>Presence of an eye-spot (stigma) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following unicellular forms with their characteristics:

    <p>Chlamydomonas = Flagellated unicellular green alga Diatoms = Non-flagellated with siliceous walls Synechococcus = Cyanophycean non-flagellated form Haematococcus = Encapsulated unicellular form</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All diatoms are non-motile.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of shape can the unicellular plant body take?

    <p>Spherical, oblong, or pear-shaped</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following types of thalli are considered unicellular?

    <p>Chrysamoeba (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All algae exhibit unicellular forms except for brown algae.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of the thallus in algae?

    <p>It is not differentiated into root, stem, and leaves.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Algae that are able to perform amoeboid movement due to cytoplasmic growth are known as __________ forms.

    <p>Amoeboid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following thallus organization types to their characteristics:

    <p>Unicellular = Motile and non-motile forms Colonial = Loose or integrated structures Filamentous = Branched or un-branched forms Siphonaceous = Multinucleate tube-like structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of algal thallus is characterized by the absence of flagella?

    <p>Rhizopodial forms (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Siphonaceous algae have a simple thallus structure.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ are the motile unicellular forms of algae characterized by the presence of flagella.

    <p>Flagelloid forms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following types of filaments is known for being free-living and un-branched?

    <p>Spirogyra (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All cells in simpler filamentous algae like Ulothrix and Spirogyra are structurally and functionally alike.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one example of a branched filament organism.

    <p>Cladophora</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In branched filamentous structures, __________ filament is characterized by a single row of cells with a basal attaching cell.

    <p>simple</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following filamentous types with their characteristics:

    <p>Spirogyra = Un-branched filament, free-living Cladophora = Branched filament, growth restricted to end-cells Oedogonium = Un-branched filament, initially attached Nostoc = Aggregated in colonies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following types of filaments is a characteristic of some Cyanophyceae?

    <p>False-branching (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All branched filaments can be classified as either simple, heterotrichous, or pseudoparenchymatous.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Heterotrichous filament structures are characterized by __________ types of growth and division.

    <p>different</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of pseudoparenchymatous structure has a single colorless central axial filament?

    <p>Uniaxial construction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pseudoparenchymatous algae can only have a loose association of cells.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one example of an alga that exhibits uniaxial construction.

    <p>Batrachospermum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In siphonaceous forms like Vaucheria, a _____-like multinucleate structure is produced.

    <p>tube</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of algae with their structural types:

    <p>Rhodophyceae = Pseudoparenchymatous Chlorophyceae = Siphonaceous Phaeophyceae = Corticated Vaucheria = Coenocyte structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary characteristic of the multi-axial construction?

    <p>Many filaments around a central core (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Secondary filamentous structures provide rigidity to the body of certain algae.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the close association of cells in pseudoparenchymatous structures?

    <p>interweaving of filaments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of plant-body is characterized by a basal prostrate system and an erect system?

    <p>Heterotrichous (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Heterotrichous forms, the prostrate system is always more developed than the erect system.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of rhizoidal filaments in Heterotrichous plant-bodies?

    <p>They help in anchoring the plant to the substratum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In many species of Ectocarpus, the body appears in a __________ type of appearance due to the reduction of the prostrate system.

    <p>crust or cushion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following plant-body types with their characteristics:

    <p>Heterotrichous = Basal and erect systems Pseudoparenchymatous = False parenchymatous appearance Ectocarpus = Crust type appearance Coleochaete = Discoid type appearance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes an endophytic species based on its prostrate system?

    <p>Only the prostrate system is developed. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cortication increases rigidity in some members of Phaeophyceae and Rhodophyceae.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one genus that exemplifies a Heterotrichous plant-body.

    <p>Chaetophorales</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Thallus

    The plant body of algae, lacking specialized structures like roots, stems, and leaves.

    Unicellular Algae

    Algae with a single-celled body, exhibiting diverse forms like amoeboid and flagellated.

    Flagellated Unicellular Algae

    Unicellular algae that move using flagella.

    Amoeboid Unicellular Algae

    Unicellular algae that move using cytoplasmic extensions, resembling an amoeba.

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    Aggregates in Algae

    Groups of unicellular algae that associate together.

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    Colonies in Algae

    Groups of unicellular algae that are tightly connected and exhibit a degree of organization.

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    Filamentous Algae

    Algae with a thread-like body, either branched or unbranched.

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    Siphonaceous Algae

    Algae with a tubular body that lacks cross walls or septa.

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    Flagellated Algae

    Unicellular algae with one or more flagella for movement.

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    Non-flagellated Algae

    A group of algae that lack flagellated vegetative cells, meaning they don't move using flagella.

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    Flagellation

    The number and arrangement of flagella on a cell are important characteristics in identifying algae.

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    Flagellum

    A thin, flexible structure that aids in movement of single-celled organisms.

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    Whiplash Flagellum

    A type of flagellum that moves in a whip-like motion.

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    Naked Algae

    Algae that lack a rigid outer covering, allowing for flexibility in movement.

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    Encapsulated Algae

    Algae that possess a rigid outer envelope, often spherical.

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    Eye-spot (Stigma)

    A light-sensitive spot in some algae that helps them detect light.

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    Heterotrichous Thallus

    A type of algal body organization where the thallus is composed of two distinct parts: a basal, creeping system and an erect, upright system.

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    Prostrate System

    The basal, creeping system of a heterotrichous thallus, attached to the substratum. It grows apically and produces both photosynthetic and rhizoidal filaments.

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    Erect System

    The erect, upright system of a heterotrichous thallus, originating from the prostrate system. It's composed of branched photosynthetic filaments.

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    Rhizoidal Filaments

    Filaments in the prostrate system that anchor the thallus to the substratum.

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    Types of Heterotrichous Habit

    The variation in heterotrichous thalli, where one system is reduced or absent, influencing the overall appearance.

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    Pseudoparenchymatous Thallus

    A form of algal body organization that appears parenchymatous, but lacks the true structure of parenchyma, formed by cell division.

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    Parenchyma

    A tissue composed of thin-walled, closely associated cells, formed by cell division.

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    Cortication

    The production of thread-like structures from the cells of a multicellular thallus, increasing its rigidity.

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    Siphonaceous Thallus

    A type of algal thallus with a tubular body lacking cross walls, allowing for continuous cytoplasm and multiple nuclei.

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    Rhizoids in Siphonaceous Algae

    Specialized root-like structures found in some siphonaceous algae like Botrydium, anchoring the thallus to the substrate.

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    Interwoven Vesicles and Tubes in Siphonaceous Algae

    A complex network of interwoven vesicles and tubes found in certain siphonaceous algae like Codium.

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    Parenchymatous Thallus

    A type of algal thallus with a cellular structure that allows for growth in two or more planes resulting in leaf-like or tubular shapes.

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    Foliose Thallus

    A type of parenchymatous thallus that is flat and leaf-like.

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    Unbranched Filament

    A type of thallus construction found in algae where cells are connected end-to-end in a single chain, forming a thread-like structure. Elongation and division occur perpendicular to the filament axis, leading to this characteristic appearance.

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    Branched Filament (Simple)

    A type of filamentous thallus where branches extend from the main filament, increasing the surface area for nutrient absorption or photosynthesis. Branches can arise at various points along the filament.

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    Branched Filament (Heterotrichous)

    A form of filamentous thallus construction in some algae where branches arise from a basal holdfast and grow in different directions, creating a more complex structure with a clear distinction between a basal anchoring system and an upright, photosynthetic portion.

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    Branched Filament (Pseudoparenchymatous)

    A type of filamentous thallus where cells are densely packed together, resembling a solid tissue, although the structure is still composed of individual cells. This arrangement is achieved through frequent branching and secondary growth.

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    Simple Unbranched Filament (e.g., Ulothrix, Spirogyra)

    A type of unbranched filamentous thallus where the cells are all identical in structure and function, meaning they can all participate in growth, division, and reproduction.

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    Uninucleate or Multinucleate Unbranched Filaments

    A type of unbranched filamentous thallus where the cells may be either uninucleate, meaning they have a single nucleus, or multinucleate, meaning they have multiple nuclei.

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    Attached Unbranched Filament (e.g., Oedogonium)

    An unbranched filamentous thallus that is attached to a substrate, usually at least initially, but can become free-living after some time.

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    False Branching in Cyanobacteria

    A unique type of branching observed in certain cyanobacteria where new filaments appear to emerge from existing filaments, but the actual branching process is not truly understood.

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    Uniaxial Construction

    A pseudoparenchymatous thallus with a single central filament surrounded by other filaments.

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    Multi-axial Construction

    A pseudoparenchymatous thallus with numerous filaments arranged around a central axis.

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    Vaucheria

    An example of a siphonaceous alga, characterized by its unbranched, tube-like structure.

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    Botrydium

    A type of siphonaceous alga, forming a spherical, sac-like structure.

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    Cross-wall Formation

    The process of forming new cell walls in algae, which can occur at different stages of the life cycle.

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    Coenocyte

    A cell with multiple nuclei, found in some algae like siphonaceous forms.

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    Study Notes

    Thallus Organisation in Algae

    • Algae have a plant body called a thallus, which is not differentiated into roots, stems, and leaves.
    • Algae range in size from microscopic unicellular forms to large, complex multicellular forms like seaweeds.
    • Thallus forms include:
      • Unicellular: Motile or non-motile, found in all algae except brown algae.
      • Aggregates: Palmelloid and dendroid forms (colonial-like clusters of cells).
      • Colonial: Motile or non-motile colonies of cells, connected or aggregated.
      • Filamentous: Unbranched or branched filaments, with cells connected end-to-end.
      • Siphonaceous: Tube-like, multinucleate structures without septa.
      • Parenchymatous: Tissue-like structures with cell divisions in more than one plane.

    Unicellular Type

    • Unicellular algae are present in various algal groups except the brown algae (Phaeophyceae).
    • Unicellular forms can be amoeboid (motile) or non-motile, with motility facilitated by flagella at the anterior end.
    • Flagella number can vary from one to multiple of two.

    Unicellular Motile (Flagelloid) Forms

    • Flagellated unicellular forms are common in various algal classes (e.g., Euglenineae, Cryptophyceae, Chrysophyceae, Dinophyceae).
    • Flagella characteristics (size, number, attachment type) are important for algal classification.
    • Some algal groups (e.g., Cyanophyceae, Phaeophyceae, Rhodophyceae, Bacillariophyceae) lack flagellated vegetative cells.

    Unicellular Non-motile (Protococcoid) Forms

    • These forms lack flagella, with unicellular forms displaying diverse appearances.
    • Examples include various groups of algae: Bacillariophyceae (Diatoms), many Chlorophyceae, Cyanophyceae, Xanthophyceae, and some forms of Dinophyceae and Rhodophyceae.

    Aggregates

    • Aggregates are formed when single cells group together to form a larger mass or colony.
    • Unlike coenobia, aggregates do not have a fixed number of cells or specific shape.
    • Palmelloid and dendroid forms showcase cell aggregation in a gelatinous matrix.

    Colonial Forms

    • Colonial forms involve the aggregation of unicells into colonies; these colonies can be either motile or non-motile.
    • Motile colonies are characterized by the coordinated movement of flagellated cells, often forming plate-like (e.g., Gonium) or spherical colonies (e.g., Volvox).
    • Non-motile colonies show varying shapes for different algal groups (e.g., Hydrodictyon, Scenedesmus).

    Filamentous Forms

    • Filamentous algae consist of thread-like structures formed by the connection of cells end-to-end.
    • They can be unbranched or branched, with simple branching patterns or complex ones (e.g., heterotrichous forms with prostrate and erect systems).

    Siphonaceous Forms

    • Siphonaceous algae form multinucleate, tube-like structures without cross-walls (septa).
    • These cells can be large and may have various branching patterns.
    • Examples include Vaucheria and Botrydium.

    Parenchymatous Forms

    • Parenchymatous algae exhibit a tissue-like organization with cell divisions in multiple planes.
    • These forms often have flat, foliose, or tubular structures, with variations in cell arrangement depending on the algal species.
    • Examples include Enteromorpha, Punctaria, and Porphyra.

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    Thallus Organisation in Algae PDF

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    Test your knowledge on Vaucheria and the different types of thallus organization in plant biology. This quiz includes statements about Siphonales and questions relating to organisms from Chlorophyceae. Challenge yourself with matching organisms to their correct thallus organization.

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