Plant Biology Basics
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Questions and Answers

How do all plants produce food?

Photosynthesis

Are there any plants that are unicellular? Prokaryotic?

False

Plants are different from algae mostly because they live on land.

False

What structures in plants gather light (usually)?

<p>Leaves</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structures in plants help them raise up above the soil?

<p>Stems/Shoots</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structures in plants anchor them to the ground and absorb water and nutrients?

<p>Roots</p> Signup and view all the answers

What fungal associations do most plant roots have with fungi?

<p>Mycorrhizae</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do the fungi do for the plant?

<p>Help the plant absorb water and nutrients.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the plant do for the fungi?

<p>Provide fungus with sugar.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the small holes on the underside of leaves called?

<p>Stomata</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the small holes on the underside of leaves used for?

<p>For gas exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the vascular tissue in plants that moves water up from the soil?

<p>Xylem</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the vascular tissue in plants that moves the products of photosynthesis down from the leaves?

<p>Phloem</p> Signup and view all the answers

What plants are the most familiar bryophytes?

<p>Mosses</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bryophytes are the most primitive plants that live on land.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two key terrestrial adaptations that mosses show?

<p>A waxy cuticle and retention of developing embryos.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the waxy covering that all land plants have on their leaves?

<p>Cuticle</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the waxy covering on the leaves of land plants?

<p>Helps prevent dehydration</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main stages in the life cycle of mosses?

<p>Gametophyte and Sporophyte</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the gametophyte generation produce?

<p>Produces gametes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term means that there are two distinct generations in plants that are different in their n number?

<p>Alternation of Generations</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the sporophyte generation of mosses produce?

<p>Produces spores</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ferns are seedless vascular plants.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

During what period did ferns dominate the landscape?

<p>Carboniferous Period 290-360 million years ago</p> Signup and view all the answers

The remains of the old fern swamps are now used as?

<p>Fossil Fuels</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term means 'naked seed'?

<p>Gymnosperms</p> Signup and view all the answers

What two things are gymnosperms missing that angiosperms possess?

<p>Flowers and Shells on seeds</p> Signup and view all the answers

Gymnosperms are better adapted for dry climates because they do not need ______ for reproduction.

<p>standing bodies of water</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term means that a plant keeps its leaves all year?

<p>Evergreen</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three major adaptations of seed plants?

<p>1- First nonshelled seed, 2- Pollen, 3- Development of the seed</p> Signup and view all the answers

A pollen grain is actually a very small sporophyte generation of the pine tree.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

In plants, what is a small packet of food with an embryo inside?

<p>Seeds</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what ways are we dependent on angiosperms?

<p>Food and Clothing</p> Signup and view all the answers

A ripened ovary containing seeds is a?

<p>Fruit</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do fruits help plants and animals?

<p>Helps to protect seeds and increase dispersal</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between fruits and vegetables?

<p>Fruits have seeds; vegetables don't</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do fungi do that is so important to our ecosystem?

<p>Decompose material</p> Signup and view all the answers

Are there any photosynthetic fungi?

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do fungi acquire food?

<p>Secrete enzymes and digest outside of their body</p> Signup and view all the answers

The bodies of most fungi are constructed of structures called?

<p>Hyphae</p> Signup and view all the answers

An interwoven mat of hyphae is called a?

<p>Mycelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the cell walls of fungi composed of?

<p>Chitin</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do fungi reproduce?

<p>Asexually by releasing spores</p> Signup and view all the answers

Fungi are important in our production of food.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What two terms mean that two different species live together and they both benefit?

<p>Mutual Symbiosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are mutualistic associations between fungi and algae that grow on rocks?

<p>Lichens</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do the fungi provide to the association?

<p>Decompose material</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do the algae provide to the association?

<p>Plankton/Oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

Spanish moss is a?

<p>Lichen; not a true moss</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Photosynthesis and Plant Basics

  • Plants produce food primarily through photosynthesis.
  • Unicellular and prokaryotic plants do not exist; unicellular organisms include bacteria, whereas plants and animals are multicellular.

Plant Structure and Functions

  • Leaves are the main structures for gathering light.
  • Stems/shoots support plants above the soil.
  • Roots anchor plants to the ground, absorbing water and nutrients.

Plant-Fungi Relationships

  • Most plant roots form associations with fungi known as mycorrhizae, enhancing nutrient absorption.
  • Fungi assist in nutrient uptake while receiving sugars from plants.

Gas Exchange and Vascular Tissues

  • Stomata, tiny openings on leaf undersides, facilitate gas exchange.
  • Xylem transports water from the soil, while phloem distributes products of photosynthesis.

Bryophytes (Mosses)

  • Mosses are the most familiar bryophytes and represent primitive land plants.
  • They feature a waxy cuticle to prevent dehydration and retain developing embryos within the maternal gametangium.

Life Cycle of Mosses

  • Two main stages: gametophyte (produces gametes) and sporophyte (produces spores).
  • The concept of alternation of generations describes the two distinct generations in mosses.

Seedless Vascular Plants

  • Ferns are identified as seedless vascular plants and dominated landscapes during the Carboniferous period (290-360 million years ago).
  • The remnants of ancient fern swamps have become fossil fuels.

Gymnosperms and Their Adaptations

  • "Naked seeds" are referred to as gymnosperms, such as conifers, which have adaptations including non-shelled seeds, pollen, and seed development.
  • Gymnosperms lack flowers and seed shells, and they do not require standing water for reproduction.
  • Evergreen plants retain leaves year-round.

Characteristics of Seed Plants

  • Key adaptations of seed plants compared to mosses and ferns include non-shelled seeds, pollen, and advanced seed development.

Reproduction in Plants

  • A pollen grain is a small gametophyte generation of a pine tree.
  • Seeds consist of a food packet with an embryo.
  • Angiosperms are vital for food and clothing sources.

Fruits and Their Functions

  • A ripened ovary containing seeds is classified as a fruit, which protects seeds and facilitates their dispersal.
  • The main distinction between fruits and vegetables is that fruits contain seeds.

Fungi in Ecosystems

  • Fungi play an essential role in decomposing material, recycling nutrients in ecosystems.
  • No fungi are photosynthetic; they acquire food by digesting material externally through secreted enzymes.
  • Fungal structures consist of hyphae, forming a mycelium, and their cell walls are made of chitin.

Fungal Reproduction and Symbiosis

  • Fungi reproduce asexually by releasing spores.
  • Mutual symbiosis describes the beneficial coexistence of different species.
  • Lichens are mutualistic associations between fungi and algae, often found growing on rocks.

Contributions of Fungi and Algae

  • In the lichen association, fungi provide decomposition, whereas algae contribute oxygen and plankton.

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Description

This quiz covers essential topics in plant biology, including photosynthesis, plant structure, and relationships with fungi. Test your understanding of the functions of leaves, stems, roots, and the importance of gas exchange in plants.

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