Plant and Animal Tissues

• Tissue is a group of cells performing a specific function.

Epithelial Tissue

• Found in animals, it lines body cavities and the outer surface.
• Protects structures.
• Forms glands producing sweat, hormones, and enzymes.

Connective Tissue

• In animals, it supports and protects structures.
• Forms blood, stores fat, and fills empty spaces.

Muscle Tissue

• Found in animals and enables movement.

Nervous Tissue

• Exists in animals and Responds to stimuli and transmits/stores information

Meristematic Tissue

• In plants, it is unspecialized and capable of dividing by mitosis.
• Found in various plant locations.
• Responsible for growing new parts of the plant.

Epidermal Tissue

• In plants, it forms a protective outer covering.
• Facilitates the exchange of materials and gases.

Ground Tissue

• In plant stems, it provides strength and support.
• In roots, it stores food and water.
• In leaves, it is where photosynthesis takes place.

Vascular Tissue

• In plants, it moves substances from roots to leaves.
• Transports sugar from leaves to other parts of the plant.

Xylem

• Pulls water and nutrients (nitrogen/phosphorus) from roots.

Phloem

• Distributes sugars to other parts of the plant.

Organs

• Organs are structures composed of different tissues.

Skin

• The largest external body organ, the skin, protects inner cells from damage.
• Provides defense against disease.
• Insulates and releases heat.
• Excretes bodily waste (sweat).
• Epithelial tissue forms sweat glands.
• Connective tissue forms blood vessels that dilate and release heat.
• Nerves sense heat, pain, and pressure.
• Epidermis is the outer protective layer (epithelial tissue) preventing entry of viruses and bacteria, and converts vitamin D from the sun for bone development.
• Dermis is the inner skin layer with epithelial tissue suspending other tissues.

Lungs

• A pair of respiratory organs used for breathing in O2 and breathing out CO2.
• Made of connective and epithelial tissues.
• Located in the chest cavity and coated by two sacs of connective tissue, separated by a thin layer of fluid.
• The nervous tissue senses foreign objects.
• Diffusion is the movement of molecules from high to low concentration.

Heart

• A muscular pump supplying blood throughout the body, transporting nutrients, oxygen, and waste.
• The heart has four chambers and delivers blood to the lungs and body.
• The heart has all four types of tissue.
• Veins carry blood to the heart.
• Arteries carry blood away from the heart.

Stomach

• Breaks down food into a liquid mixture called chyme.
• Enzymes, hydrochloric acid, and other chemicals are released to break down nutrients.

Organ System

• A group of organs with related functions.
• Peristalsis is involuntary muscle contractions that propel food through the digestive tract.

Circulatory system

• The body's transportation pathway, transporting oxygen, nutrients, and hormones, and removing carbon dioxide and waste.
• Distributes heat and fights disease.
• Consists of WBC, RBC, and platelets.
• Composed of blood, blood vessels, and the heart.

Blood

• There are 4-6 liters in the human body.
• Plasma component is 90% water and 10% protein, nutrients, and waste, maintaining temperature, fighting disease, and transporting vitamins.
• Cellular component is 45% of blood.
• RBCs carry O2 and CO2, produced in bone marrow, and live for 100-120 days.
• WBCs guard against infection, are produced in bone marrow, live for years, and fight foreign substances.
• Platelets release blood clotting factor (fibrin) forming scabs to heal cuts.

Blood Vessels

• Provide a pathway for blood.
• Arteries carry pressurized blood away from the heart to tissues and lungs, branching into arterioles which diffuse into capillaries.
• Veins carry unpressurized blood back to the heart through valves, from capillaries to venules to veins.
• Capillaries have a high surface area, are microscopic, and are where nutrient and waste exchange occurs between arterioles and venules.

Heart

• The structure of the heart enables it to pump de-oxygenated blood to the lungs and oxygenated blood to the body.
• The heart contracts and pumps blood out; the heart relaxes and blood goes in.
• The heart is the size of a clenched fist nestled between the lungs in the chest cavity.

Cardiovascular Disease

• Leading cause of death.
• Includes conditions affecting arteries, veins, and the heart.

Arteriosclerosis

• Is the stiffening of arteries, due to plaque (fat) build up (coronary artery).

Varicose Veins

• Enlarged veins caused by improperly working valves that allow blood to flow backward.

Phlebitis

• Enlarged veins due to inflammation.

Coronary Heart Disease

• Narrowing/blockage of the coronary artery due to thickening of artery walls.
• Fat deposits on walls cause plaque build-up.
• Plaque restricts blood flow, clogs arteries, and restricts oxygen flow.
• Risk factors are smoking, genetics, hypertension, obesity, diabetes, alcohol consumption, lack of exercise, and stress.
• Possible treatments include diet, weight loss, aspirin, surgery, or transplant.
• Oxygenated blood is pulled into the circulatory system, and organs use the oxygen from the blood.
• Deoxygenated blood results after organs have used the oxygen.
• There are two loops for blood flow: heart to lungs to heart, and heart to body cells to heart.
• Blood vessels around the alveoli are high in CO2, which diffuses into the alveoli since the alveoli is low in CO2.
• The alveoli has a high concentration of O2, which diffuses into the capillary, and the blood carries it back to the heart, which pumps the blood to all the cells in the body.