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Questions and Answers
What is the primary purpose of respiration?
What is the primary purpose of respiration?
- To break down glucose and release energy (correct)
- To provide structure to cells
- To inhale oxygen
- To exhale carbon dioxide
Breathing occurs in the cells of living organisms.
Breathing occurs in the cells of living organisms.
False (B)
What are the main products of respiration?
What are the main products of respiration?
Carbon dioxide, water, and energy
During inhalation, the diaphragm muscles _____ and the volume of the lungs _____
During inhalation, the diaphragm muscles _____ and the volume of the lungs _____
Match the components of inhaled and exhaled air:
Match the components of inhaled and exhaled air:
Which of the following factors increases the rate of transpiration?
Which of the following factors increases the rate of transpiration?
Wind decreases the rate of transpiration in plants.
Wind decreases the rate of transpiration in plants.
What effect does illumination have on the transpiration rate of plants?
What effect does illumination have on the transpiration rate of plants?
Plants lose water vapor primarily through their ______.
Plants lose water vapor primarily through their ______.
Match the external factors with their effects on transpiration:
Match the external factors with their effects on transpiration:
Which of the following is a unicellular organism?
Which of the following is a unicellular organism?
Animal cells contain chloroplasts.
Animal cells contain chloroplasts.
What is the function of the vacuole in plant cells?
What is the function of the vacuole in plant cells?
Animal cells do not have a __________, while plant cells do.
Animal cells do not have a __________, while plant cells do.
Match the following cell parts with their descriptions:
Match the following cell parts with their descriptions:
Which characteristic is unique to plant cells?
Which characteristic is unique to plant cells?
Both plant and animal cells have a nucleus.
Both plant and animal cells have a nucleus.
What gives plant cells their shape?
What gives plant cells their shape?
What is the primary purpose of the stomata in leaves?
What is the primary purpose of the stomata in leaves?
The waxy upper surface of a leaf is designed to promote water loss.
The waxy upper surface of a leaf is designed to promote water loss.
What is the process by which green plants manufacture their own food in the presence of sunlight called?
What is the process by which green plants manufacture their own food in the presence of sunlight called?
The word equation for photosynthesis is: Carbon Dioxide + Water --> __________ + Oxygen.
The word equation for photosynthesis is: Carbon Dioxide + Water --> __________ + Oxygen.
Match the parts of a leaf with their functions:
Match the parts of a leaf with their functions:
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Study Notes
Overview of Cells
- Cells are the fundamental units of life; they can be unicellular (e.g., amoeba) or multicellular (e.g., humans, trees).
- Unicellular organisms consist of a single cell, while multicellular organisms are composed of multiple cells.
Plant Cells
- Unique components include chloroplasts for photosynthesis, a rigid cell wall for structure, and a large central vacuole for storage.
- Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll, essential for converting sunlight into energy during photosynthesis.
Animal Cells
- Lacks cell walls and chloroplasts, resulting in a more flexible structure compared to plant cells.
- Key structures include mitochondria (energy production), nucleus (controls cell activities), and vacuoles (storage).
Functions of Cell Parts
- Cell Wall: Provides shape and protection, exclusive to plant cells.
- Cell Membrane: Regulates entry and exit of substances; selectively permeable.
- Nucleus: Controls all cellular activities.
- Cytoplasm: Supplies nutrients and supports cell structure.
- Chloroplasts: Convert light energy into chemical energy in plants.
- Vacuole: Stores nutrients for later use in plants.
Differences Between Plant and Animal Cells
- Animal cells lack a cell wall and chloroplasts, resulting in no rigid shape; they are more prone to distortion.
- Plant cells possess chloroplasts for photosynthesis and have large vacuoles, providing structural integrity and storage.
Leaf Structure and Functions
- Leaves are optimized to collect light, exchange gases, and minimize water loss.
- A flat shape maximizes surface area for sunlight; chlorophyll traps light; waxy surfaces reduce water loss.
- Veins transport water and nutrients through the leaf.
Gas Exchange in Plants
- Carbon dioxide intake and oxygen release occur through stomata located on the leaf's underside, controlled by guard cells.
Photosynthesis Process
- Involves the conversion of carbon dioxide and water into carbohydrates and oxygen using sunlight.
- Word equation: Carbon Dioxide + Water → Carbohydrates + Oxygen.
Respiration in Cells
- Respiration breaks down glucose to release energy, occurring in all living cells.
- Word equation for respiration: Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy.
Respiration vs. Breathing
- Respiration occurs in all cells while breathing occurs in the lungs.
- Inhaled oxygen is used for cellular respiration whereas breathing involves the inhalation and exhalation of air.
Breathing Mechanics
- Inhaling: Diaphragm contracts, increasing lung volume and chest cavity.
- Exhaling: Diaphragm relaxes, decreasing lung volume and chest cavity.
Composition of Air
- Inhaled air contains 21% oxygen and 0.04% carbon dioxide.
- Exhaled air contains 16% oxygen and 4% carbon dioxide, with more water vapor and higher temperature.
Transpiration in Plants
- Transpiration is the process of water vapor loss from plants, primarily through leaves, which cools the plant.
- Influenced by internal factors like leaf area and stomata number, and external factors including humidity, temperature, wind, and light.
Factors Affecting Transpiration Rate
- Humidity: High humidity decreases transpiration; low humidity increases it.
- Temperature: Higher temperatures increase transpiration rates.
- Air Movement: Increased wind speed enhances transpiration.
- Light Intensity: Increased light intensity promotes opening of stomata, increasing transpiration.
- Leaf Size: Larger leaves have a higher transpiration rate due to a larger surface area.
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