Questions and Answers
What is the main function of the plasma membrane?
It controls the passage of organic molecules, ions, waste products, water, and oxygen into and out of the cell.
What is the composition of the cytoplasm?
The nucleus contains the cell's RNA.
False
What does the nucleolus do?
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Which organelle is responsible for cellular respiration?
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What is the function of lysosomes?
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Plant cells have a large central ______.
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What is the role of ribosomes?
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What do chloroplasts contain that aids in photosynthesis?
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Match the following components with their functions:
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Animal cells have cell walls.
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What are microtubules?
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The ______ is known as the 'garbage disposal' of animal cells.
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What is the main component of plant cell walls?
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Study Notes
Plant and Animal Cells Overview
- Plant and animal cells exhibit distinct structures and functions that contribute to their roles in living organisms.
- Both types of cells have a plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus but differ in specific organelles.
Plasma Membrane
- Composed of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins.
- Controls the movement of organic molecules, ions, waste, water, and oxygen between the cell and environment.
Cytoplasm
- The gel-like region between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope.
- Contains various organelles, cytoskeleton, and chemicals; approximately 70-80% water.
Nucleus
- The most prominent organelle in cells, housing DNA (chromatin) and directing ribosome and protein synthesis.
- Nucleolus aggregates ribosomal RNA and proteins to form ribosomal subunits.
- Nuclear envelope consists of a double-membrane structure with pores for substance passage.
Chromatin and Chromosomes
- Chromatin is the unorganized form of DNA during cell growth, while chromosomes are visible during cell division.
- Each species has a specific number of chromosomes in its cells.
Ribosomes
- Tiny organelles essential for protein synthesis.
- Comprise two subunits and can be free-floating or attached to membranes.
- They translate mRNA sequences into amino acid chains for protein formation.
Mitochondria
- Known as the "powerhouse of the cell," responsible for ATP production via cellular respiration.
- Double-membrane structure with inner folds (cristae) and a gel-like matrix.
Peroxisomes and Glyoxysomes
- Peroxisomes are round organelles involved in breaking down fatty acids and detoxifying poisons.
- Glyoxysomes in plants convert stored fats into sugars, aiding metabolism and stress response.
Vesicles and Vacuoles
- Membrane-bound sacs for storage and support.
- Vacuoles function similarly to vesicles but are larger in plant cells.
Differences Between Plant and Animal Cells
- Plant cells possess a cell wall, chloroplasts, and a large central vacuole, which are absent in animal cells.
- Animal cells have lysosomes and centrioles associated with the centrosome for cell division.
Centrosome and Centrioles
- Centrosomes are microtubule-organizing centers found near the nucleus in animal cells, containing a pair of centrioles.
- Centrioles aid in chromosome separation during cell division.
Lysosomes
- Serve as the "garbage disposal" for animal cells, breaking down macromolecules and worn-out organelles.
- Maintain a highly acidic environment to facilitate breakdown processes.
Cell Wall
- A rigid barrier external to the plasma membrane, offering structural support and shape to plant cells.
- Composed mainly of cellulose, distinct from fungal and prokaryotic cell walls.
Chloroplasts
- Organelles that perform photosynthesis in plants, containing chlorophyll for light capture.
- Have their own DNA and ribosomes, organized into stacks of thylakoids (grana).
Central Vacuole
- Occupies a significant portion of the plant cell and regulates water concentration.
- Low water levels can lead to wilting.
Endomembrane System
- A group of membranes and organelles working together to modify and transport lipids and proteins.
- Comprises the nuclear envelope, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Golgi apparatus, and plasma membrane.
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
- A network of membranes divided into rough (with ribosomes) and smooth (without ribosomes).
- Rough ER modifies and synthesizes proteins, while smooth ER synthesizes lipids and detoxifies.
Golgi Apparatus
- A series of flattened membranes that sort, tag, and package lipids and proteins for distribution.
- Modifications are made, such as adding sugar chains for proper targeting.
Cytoskeleton
- A structural network of protein fibers that maintain cell shape and allow movement.
- Three types of fibers: microfilaments (actin filaments), intermediate filaments, and microtubules.
Microfilaments
- Composed of actin protein, they are crucial for cellular movement and maintaining shape.
Intermediate Filaments
- Composed of various fibrous proteins, they provide structural integrity and anchor organelles in place.
Microtubules
- Hollow tubes that assist in cell division, transport within the cell, and the structure of cilia and flagella.
Performance Task
- Create a 3D model of plant and animal cells using recyclable materials to understand the structural differences effectively.
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Description
This quiz focuses on the structure and function of plant and animal cells. You'll compare and contrast key components and organelles unique to each cell type. Test your knowledge on their similarities and differences in cellular organization.
