NCERT - ANATOMY OF FLOWERING PLANTS - 24-25
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Questions and Answers

What is absent in the phloem parenchyma of peripheral vascular bundles?

  • Xylem cells
  • Phloem parenchyma (correct)
  • Phloem fibers
  • Chloroplasts

    • The abaxial epidermis typically has fewer stomata than the adaxial epidermis.

    False

    Name the two types of mesophyll cells found in a dorsiventral leaf.

    Palisade parenchyma and spongy parenchyma

    The _____ epidermis covers the upper surface of the dorsiventral leaf.

    <p>adaxial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components of a dorsiventral leaf with their descriptions:

    <p>Epidermis = Outer protective layer Mesophyll = Photosynthetic tissue Palisade parenchyma = Elongated cells arranged vertically Spongy parenchyma = Loosely arranged cells below the palisade</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the mesophyll is correct?

    <p>It is responsible for photosynthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Water-containing cavities are typically found within the vascular bundles.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The oval or round cells in mesophyll that are loosely arranged are called _____ parenchyma.

    <p>spongy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the cuticle in the epidermal tissue system?

    <p>To prevent water loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Epidermal cells in the outermost layer of the plant body are usually multi-layered.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What basic unit is considered the building block of all plant tissues?

    <p>cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The internal structure of plants and their functional organization is studied in a field called ______.

    <p>anatomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of the three types of tissue systems in plants?

    <p>Muscle tissue system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of tissue systems with their primary characteristics:

    <p>Epidermal tissue system = Outer covering of the plant Ground tissue system = Support and storage Vascular tissue system = Transport of fluids Meristematic tissue = Regions of active growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Stomata are formed in the roots of plants.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of plants are considered anatomically different within angiosperms?

    <p>monocots and dicots</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of stomata?

    <p>Regulating transpiration and gaseous exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Guard cells are located on the outer surface of the stomata.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the specialized epidermal cells that surround guard cells called?

    <p>Subsidiary cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells make up the stomatal apparatus?

    <p>Guard cells, subsidiary cells, and stomatal pore</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Trichomes are multicellular hairs on the stem that help prevent water loss.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of root hairs?

    <p>To absorb water and minerals from the soil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the types of vascular tissue with their functions:

    <p>Xylem = Water transport Phloem = Nutrient transport Guard cells = Regulating stomata Trichomes = Water loss prevention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outermost protective layer of a dicotyledonous stem?

    <p>Epidermis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The vascular bundles in a dicotyledonous stem are scattered randomly throughout the stem.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the collenchymatous cells found in the hypodermis of a dicotyledonous stem?

    <p>Mechanical strength</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The inner layer of the cortex in a dicotyledonous stem is known as the ______.

    <p>endodermis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of monocotyledonous stems?

    <p>Scattered vascular bundles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Parenchymatous cells in the pith of a dicotyledonous stem are arranged closely with no intercellular spaces.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells are present in the medullary rays of a dicotyledonous stem?

    <p>Parenchymatous cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following features to their respective stem types:

    <p>Epidermis = Present in both dicot and monocot Scattered vascular bundles = Monocotyledonous stem Ring arrangement of vascular bundles = Dicotyledonous stem Sclerenchymatous hypodermis = Monocotyledonous stem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of open vascular bundles found in dicotyledonous stems?

    <p>They are capable of forming secondary xylem and phloem.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Monocotyledonous vascular bundles contain cambium.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference in the arrangement of xylem and phloem in radial vascular bundles?

    <p>Xylem and phloem are arranged in an alternate manner along different radii.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The outermost layer of a dicotyledonous root is called the _____.

    <p>epiblema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of vascular bundles with their characteristics:

    <p>Open = Contains cambium and forms secondary tissues Closed = Lacks cambium and does not form secondary tissues Radial = Xylem and phloem arranged alternately Conjoint = Xylem and phloem located on the same radius</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a conjoint vascular bundle, where is the phloem typically located?

    <p>Outer side of xylem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In dicotyledons, the endodermis contains intercellular spaces.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What material is deposited in the walls of endodermal cells in dicotyledonous roots?

    <p>Suberin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the epidermal tissue system?

    <p>Protection of internal tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The cuticle is usually present on the roots of plants.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells primarily make up the epidermis of a flowering plant?

    <p>Epidermal cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The three types of tissue systems in plants are the _____ tissue system, the ground tissue system, and the vascular tissue system.

    <p>epidermal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a component of the epidermal tissue system?

    <p>Xylem vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following structures with their primary functions in the epidermal tissue system:

    <p>Epidermal cells = Protect internal tissues Stomata = Gas exchange Cuticle = Water retention Trichomes = Reduce water loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Stomata are found primarily on the stems of flowering plants.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What adaptation do internal structures of flowering plants show?

    <p>Adaptation to diverse environments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of guard cells?

    <p>Regulate the opening and closing of stomata</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The guard cells are shaped like tall cylinders.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the cells called that specialize in their shape and size around guard cells?

    <p>Subsidiary cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The tissue system that consists of the phloem and xylem is known as the _____ tissue system.

    <p>vascular</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures help to prevent water loss in plants?

    <p>Trichomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following tissues with their descriptions:

    <p>Parenchyma = Thin-walled and involved in storage Collenchyma = Providing support with flexible walls Sclerenchyma = Thick-walled and supporting plant structures Mesophyll = Contains chloroplasts for photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the plant is primarily involved in the absorption of water and minerals?

    <p>Root hairs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All epidermal hairs are unicellular.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of vascular bundles are found in dicotyledons?

    <p>Open vascular bundles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Monocotyledonous stems have cambium present in their vascular bundles.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outermost layer of a dicotyledonous root called?

    <p>epiblema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The inner layer of the cortex in a dicotyledonous root is known as the ______.

    <p>endodermis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the types of vascular bundles with their characteristics:

    <p>Open vascular bundles = Contain cambium, can produce secondary tissues Closed vascular bundles = Lack cambium, do not form secondary tissues Radial vascular bundles = Xylem and phloem arranged alternately Conjoint vascular bundles = Xylem and phloem situated along the same radius</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of vascular bundles is the phloem typically located on the outer side of xylem?

    <p>Conjoint vascular bundles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Parenchyma cells in the cortex of a dicotyledonous root are arranged closely with no intercellular spaces.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What materials are present in the walls of endodermal cells in dicotyledonous roots?

    <p>suberin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of root does not undergo secondary growth?

    <p>Monocotyledonous root</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The pith in a dicotyledonous root is large and well developed.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells are involved in the initiation of lateral roots?

    <p>Pericycle cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The tissue that lies between the xylem and phloem is called the __________.

    <p>conjunctive tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components of the root with their descriptions:

    <p>Epidermis = Outer protective layer Cortex = Storage tissue Endodermis = Regulates water movement Pith = Central tissue, may be inconspicuous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many xylem bundles are typically found in a monocot root?

    <p>More than 6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The vascular bundles in a monocot root are arranged in a ring structure.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What forms the stele within the root?

    <p>Pericycle, vascular bundles, and pith</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outermost protective layer of a dicotyledonous stem called?

    <p>Epidermis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The pith in a dicotyledonous stem is composed of compactly arranged parenchymatous cells with no intercellular spaces.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the cells called that make up the outer hypodermis in a dicotyledonous stem?

    <p>Collenchymatous cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The large number of vascular bundles in a dicotyledonous stem is arranged in a _____ arrangement.

    <p>ring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following characteristics is true of monocotyledonous stems?

    <p>Scattered vascular bundles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components to their descriptions:

    <p>Epidermis = Protective outer layer Cortex = Storage and support Vascular bundles = Transport of nutrients and water Pith = Central storage tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a dicotyledonous stem, the innermost layer of the cortex is known as the _____.

    <p>endodermis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In dicotyledonous stems, vascular bundles are described as conjoint and closed.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of guard cells?

    <p>To regulate the opening and closing of stomata</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Guard cells contain chloroplasts.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the specialized epidermal cells that surround guard cells called?

    <p>subsidiary cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The cells that help absorb water and minerals from the soil are called _____ hairs.

    <p>root</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of tissues with their primary characteristics:

    <p>Parenchyma = Thin-walled cells, involved in storage and photosynthesis Collenchyma = Support for growing tissues, irregular cell walls Sclerenchyma = Thick-walled cells, providing strength and support Mesophyll = Ground tissue in leaves, containing chloroplasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of vascular tissue is primarily responsible for transporting water?

    <p>Xylem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Trichomes are unicellular elongations found on the stem.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are stomata primarily involved in?

    <p>Transpiration and gaseous exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of vascular bundles do dicotyledonous plants have due to the presence of cambium?

    <p>Open vascular bundles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Monocotyledonous vascular bundles are described as open vascular bundles.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the cuticle in the epidermal tissue system?

    <p>To prevent water loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of vascular bundles are xylem and phloem arranged alternately?

    <p>Radial vascular bundles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The epidermis is typically made up of multiple layers of cells.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The innermost layer of the cortex in a dicotyledonous root is called the ______.

    <p>endodermis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the vascular bundle type to its description:

    <p>Open vascular bundles = Contain cambium and can form secondary tissues Closed vascular bundles = Lack cambium and do not form secondary tissues Radial vascular bundles = Xylem and phloem are arranged alternately Conjoint vascular bundles = Xylem and phloem are jointly situated along the same radius</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the study of the internal structure of plants?

    <p>Anatomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The outermost layer of the primary plant body is known as the _____ tissue system.

    <p>epidermal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical arrangement of phloem in conjoint vascular bundles?

    <p>On the outer side of xylem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures is NOT part of the epidermal tissue system?

    <p>Phloem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The outermost layer of the dicotyledonous root is called the cortex.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of cells make up the outermost layer of the dicotyledonous root?

    <p>Epiblema cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components of the epidermal tissue system with their functions:

    <p>Stomata = Gas exchange Trichomes = Reduce water loss Epidermal cells = Protection of the plant surface Cuticle = Water retention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the specialized epidermal cells that surround guard cells called?

    <p>Guard cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The stomata are primarily found in the epidermis of leaves.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of root does NOT undergo secondary growth?

    <p>Monocotyledonous root</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The pith in monocotyledonous roots is usually small and inconspicuous.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the tissue between xylem and phloem?

    <p>Conjunctive tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In monocot roots, there are usually more than _____ xylem bundles.

    <p>six</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following structures of a root with their descriptions:

    <p>Endodermis = Innermost layer of the cortex that regulates water movement Pericycle = Layer responsible for lateral root initiation Cortex = Outer layer between the epidermis and endodermis Pith = Central tissue that stores nutrients and supports the plant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is responsible for the initiation of lateral roots?

    <p>Pericycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells make up the initial layer of a monocot root?

    <p>Epidermis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Both dicot and monocot roots have the same arrangement of vascular bundles.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of vascular bundles in a dicotyledonous stem?

    <p>Conjoint and open</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The cortex of a dicotyledonous stem consists of three sub-zones.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of collenchymatous cells found in the hypodermis of a dicotyledonous stem?

    <p>Provide mechanical strength</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ is the innermost layer of the cortex in a dicotyledonous stem.

    <p>endodermis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following layers of the dicotyledonous stem with their characteristics:

    <p>Epidermis = Outermost protective layer Cortex = Multiple layers between epidermis and pericycle Pericycle = Inner side of endodermis Pith = Central portion of the stem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements correctly describes monocotyledonous stems?

    <p>They contain large conspicuous parenchymatous ground tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In monocotyledonous stems, vascular bundles are conjoint and open.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occupies the central portion of a dicotyledonous stem?

    <p>Pith</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of stomata in plants?

    <p>Transpiration and gaseous exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Guard cells are shaped like cylinders.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the specialized epidermal cells surrounding guard cells called?

    <p>Subsidiary cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the cuticle in the epidermal tissue system?

    <p>Prevention of water loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All plants have a cuticle present on their roots.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ tissue consists of parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma.

    <p>ground</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of tissue system is responsible for the transport of water and nutrients in plants?

    <p>vascular tissue system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components of the vascular tissue system with their functions:

    <p>Xylem = Water and mineral transport Phloem = Nutrient transport Cambium = Growth and repair Vascular bundles = Support and transport in plants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The outermost layer of the plant body is called the _____ tissue system.

    <p>epidermal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of trichomes in plants?

    <p>Preventing water loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Epidermal hair cells are always unicellular.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of cells with their descriptions:

    <p>Parenchyma = Cells with thin walls involved in storage Collenchyma = Supportive tissue with thickened walls Sclerenchyma = Hard, protective cells with thick walls Epidermal cells = Cells that cover and protect the plant surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following plant organs exhibits variations in internal structure?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the layer of cells that contains chloroplasts in the leaves called?

    <p>Mesophyll</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The epidermis in plants is typically multi-layered.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name the two main types of angiosperms based on their anatomical differences.

    <p>monocots and dicots</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the palisade parenchyma in the mesophyll of a dorsiventral leaf?

    <p>Photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The spongy parenchyma is arranged tightly and is located above the palisade parenchyma.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What layer of the leaf do the stomata predominantly occur in?

    <p>Abaxial epidermis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _____ epidermis covers the lower surface of a dorsiventral leaf.

    <p>abaxial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following parts of a leaf with their descriptions:

    <p>Epidermis = Outer protective layer of the leaf Mesophyll = Tissue containing chloroplasts Phloem = Transport of nutrients Stomata = Gas exchange openings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the epidermis of a dorsiventral leaf is correct?

    <p>The epidermis has a cuticle to reduce water loss.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Water-containing cavities are primarily found in the mesophyll tissue.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the presence of a conspicuous cuticle on the epidermis?

    <p>To reduce water loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of vascular bundles are found in dicotyledonous plants?

    <p>Open vascular bundles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Monocotyledons have cambium present in their vascular bundles.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the arrangement of xylem and phloem called when they are jointly situated along the same radius?

    <p>Conjoint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The outermost layer of a dicotyledonous root is called the _____.

    <p>epiblema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of vascular bundles with their characteristics:

    <p>Open = Contain cambium and can form secondary tissues Closed = Do not contain cambium and cannot form secondary tissues Radial = Xylem and phloem arranged in an alternate manner Conjoint = Xylem and phloem jointly situated along the same radius</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the cortex is the innermost in a dicotyledonous root?

    <p>Endodermis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Endodermal cells possess intercellular spaces in dicotyledonous roots.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the cambium in vascular bundles?

    <p>It allows for the formation of secondary xylem and phloem.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the pericycle in plant roots?

    <p>Initiation of lateral roots and vascular cambium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Monocotyledonous roots typically undergo secondary growth.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name the tissue that lies between the xylem and phloem in a plant root.

    <p>Conjunctive tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The structure that constitutes the stele in a plant root is the ______.

    <p>pericycle, vascular bundles and pith</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following structures with their corresponding characteristics:

    <p>Protoxylem = Initial xylem tissue present in roots Metaxylem = Later-formed xylem tissue in roots Pith = Small or inconspicuous area in dicot roots Phloem = Responsible for transporting nutrients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many xylem bundles are typically found in monocot roots?

    <p>Usually more than six</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The pith in monocot roots is usually well developed.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The outermost layer of a root is termed the ______.

    <p>epidermis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of a dorsiventral leaf is primarily responsible for photosynthesis?

    <p>Mesophyll</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The abaxial epidermis has more stomata than the adaxial epidermis.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two types of parenchyma cells found in the mesophyll of a dorsiventral leaf?

    <p>Palisade parenchyma and spongy parenchyma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ____ epidermis covers the lower surface of a dorsiventral leaf.

    <p>abaxial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of mesophyll cells with their descriptions:

    <p>Palisade parenchyma = Elongated cells arranged vertically Spongy parenchyma = Loosely arranged oval or round cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature characterizes the cuticle of a dorsiventral leaf?

    <p>It aids in water retention.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the vascular bundles in a dorsiventral leaf?

    <p>Transport water and nutrients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Water-containing cavities are generally absent in peripheral vascular bundles.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outermost protective layer of a dicotyledonous stem?

    <p>Epidermis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The vascular bundles in a monocotyledonous stem are arranged in a ring.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of vascular bundles are found in dicotyledonous plants due to the presence of cambium?

    <p>Open vascular bundles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Monocotyledonous plants possess open vascular bundles.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the innermost layer of the cortex in a dicotyledonous stem called?

    <p>Endodermis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary cells found in the pith of a dicotyledonous stem are called ______.

    <p>parenchymatous cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of cambium in vascular bundles?

    <p>Forming secondary xylem and phloem tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components of a dicotyledonous stem with their characteristics:

    <p>Epidermis = Outermost protective layer Cortex = Layer of cells between the epidermis and pericycle Vascular bundles = Arranged in a ring Pith = Central portion filled with parenchyma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a vascular bundle, the phloem is typically located on the ______ side of the xylem in conjoint bundles.

    <p>outer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true about the hypodermis in a dicotyledonous stem?

    <p>It provides mechanical strength.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of parenchyma lies next to the endodermis in roots?

    <p>Pericycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Radial = Arrangement with xylem and phloem arranged alternately Conjoint Open = Vascular bundles present in dicotyledons with cambium Conjoint Closed = Vascular bundles in monocotyledons without cambium Endodermis = Innermost layer of the cortex in roots</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is found as a single layer of barrel-shaped cells in the roots of dicotyledonous plants?

    <p>Endodermis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Monocotyledonous roots undergo secondary growth.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The sclerenchymatous bundle sheath surrounds each vascular bundle in monocotyledonous stems.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the pericycle in plant roots?

    <p>Initiation of lateral roots and vascular cambium development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of vascular bundles are found in dicotyledonous stems?

    <p>Conjoint and open</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In monocotyledons, vascular bundles are scattered randomly throughout the stem.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The innermost layer of the cortex in plant roots is called the __________.

    <p>endodermis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which material is deposited in the walls of endodermal cells in dicotyledonous roots?

    <p>Suberin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the components of a monocot root with their features:

    <p>Epidermis = Outermost protective layer Cortex = Storage and support Pith = Large and well developed Vascular bundles = More than six xylem bundles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true about monocot roots?

    <p>The pith is large and well developed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The pith in monocot roots is usually small and inconspicuous.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What tissue is known as the conjunctive tissue in plant roots?

    <p>Parenchymatous cells between xylem and phloem.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of venation is typically found in monocot leaves?

    <p>Parallel venation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The stomata in isobilateral leaves are found only on the adaxial surface of the epidermis.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are bulliform cells responsible for in monocot leaves?

    <p>Minimizing water loss by curling the leaves inwards.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The main function of the vascular tissue system in plants is _____ material.

    <p>transporting water, minerals and food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of plant tissues with their primary functions:

    <p>Xylem = Transport water and minerals Phloem = Translocate food Epidermis = Protective outer layer Ground tissue = Storage and support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about vascular bundles is true?

    <p>The size of vascular bundles can vary based on the size of veins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Parenchyma cells in the pith of a dicotyledonous stem are typically arranged with intercellular spaces.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name the two main types of vascular tissues.

    <p>Xylem and phloem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the palisade parenchyma in a dorsiventral leaf?

    <p>Photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The abaxial epidermis of a dorsiventral leaf usually has more stomata than the adaxial epidermis.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What tissue is located between the two epidermis layers in a dorsiventral leaf?

    <p>mesophyll</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ________ parenchyma is known for its elongated cells that are arranged vertically in the leaf.

    <p>palisade</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is absent in the peripheral vascular bundles?

    <p>Phloem parenchyma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of mesophyll with their characteristics:

    <p>Palisade parenchyma = Elongated cells, vertical arrangement Spongy parenchyma = Loosely arranged oval or round cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Water-containing cavities are present within the vascular bundles of peripheral vascular bundles.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the cuticle in the epidermis of a leaf?

    <p>To prevent water loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outermost protective layer of a dicotyledonous stem?

    <p>Epidermis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The vascular bundles in a monocotyledonous stem are arranged in a ring.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells are found in the innermost layer of the cortex in a dicotyledonous stem?

    <p>Endodermis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The central portion of a dicotyledonous stem is mainly composed of _____ cells.

    <p>parenchymatous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following layers or components of a dicot stem with their descriptions:

    <p>Epidermis = Outermost protective layer Cortex = Layer beneath the epidermis Pericycle = Layer above the phloem Pith = Central region of the stem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the vascular bundles in a dicotyledonous stem?

    <p>Conjoint and open</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The sclerenchymatous hypodermis is a feature of dicotyledonous stems.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure provides mechanical strength to the young dicotyledonous stem?

    <p>Hypodermis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of stomata?

    <p>Regulating transpiration and gaseous exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells are primarily responsible for the initiation of lateral roots in the root structure?

    <p>Pericycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Guard cells are dumb-bell shaped in grasses.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Monocotyledonous roots undergo secondary growth.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the cells called that surround guard cells and may specialize in their shape and size?

    <p>subsidiary cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name the tissue that lies between the xylem and phloem in plant roots.

    <p>Conjunctive tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ tissue system consists of tissues such as parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma.

    <p>ground</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The central region of the root is known as the _____.

    <p>Pith</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following root components with their function:

    <p>Epidermis = Protection and absorption Cortex = Storage Endodermis = Regulating water movement Pericycle = Initiation of lateral roots</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components with their primary function:

    <p>Guard cells = Regulating stomatal opening Trichomes = Preventing water loss Root hairs = Absorbing water and minerals Epidermis = Protective outer layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many xylem and phloem patches are usually found in monocotyledonous roots?

    <p>Usually more than 6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of vascular tissue is responsible for transporting water in plants?

    <p>Xylem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mesophyll cells contain chloroplasts and are involved in photosynthesis.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The pith in a monocotyledonous root is large and well developed.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure develops later between the xylem and phloem?

    <p>Cambium ring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are unicellular elongations of epidermal cells that help absorb water called?

    <p>root hairs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of venation is present in monocotyledonous leaves?

    <p>Parallel venation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In isobilateral leaves, stomata are found only on the adaxial surface.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are bulliform cells and their role in monocot leaves?

    <p>Bulliform cells are large, empty, colorless cells that help in reducing water loss by curling the leaves when flaccid due to water stress.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The vascular tissue system is primarily composed of _____ and _____.

    <p>xylem, phloem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following features with their respective descriptions:

    <p>Xylem = Transports water and minerals Phloem = Transports food and nutrients Epidermal tissue = Protects the plant's outer surface Ground tissue = Main bulk of the plant for support and storage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes meristematic tissue?

    <p>Undifferentiated tissue that can divide and differentiate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The vascular bundles in dicotyledonous plants are scattered randomly throughout the stem.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    List the three types of tissue systems in plants.

    <p>Epidermal tissue system, Ground tissue system, Vascular tissue system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Peripheral Vascular Bundles

    • Peripheral vascular bundles are smaller than central vascular bundles.
    • These vascular bundles lack phloem parenchyma.
    • They contain water-containing cavities.

    Dicotyledonous Leaf

    • The upper surface of a dicotyledonous leaf is covered by the adaxial epidermis.
    • The lower surface of the leaf is covered by the abaxial epidermis.
    • Both the adaxial and abaxial epidermis have a cuticle.
    • The abaxial epidermis has more stomata than the adaxial epidermis.
    • The mesophyll, located between the epidermal layers, is responsible for photosynthesis.
    • The mesophyll contains two types of parenchyma: palisade and spongy.
    • Palisade parenchyma is made of elongated cells arranged vertically.
    • Spongy parenchyma is oval or round, loosely arranged, and located below the palisade cells.

    The Tissue System

    • Plants have three tissue systems: Epidermal, Ground, and Vascular.

    Epidermal Tissue System

    • The epidermis is the outermost layer of a plant.
    • It is made of compactly arranged, elongated cells and forms a continuous layer.
    • The epidermis is typically a single cell layer.
    • Epidermal cells have a small amount of cytoplasm and a large vacuole.
    • A waxy layer called the cuticle prevents water loss from the epidermis. The cuticle is absent in roots.
    • Stomata are structures within the epidermis that regulate transpiration and gas exchange.
    • A stoma consists of two kidney-shaped guard cells that enclose a stomatal pore.
    • In grasses, the guard cells are dumb-bell shaped.
    • Guard cells contain chloroplasts and control the opening and closing of stomata.
    • Stomatal apparatus includes the stomatal aperture, guard cells, and surrounding subsidiary cells.
    • The epidermis contains root hairs which absorb water and minerals from the soil.
    • Epidermal hairs on stems are called trichomes.
    • Trichomes can be branched, unbranched, soft, stiff, or even secretory.

    Ground Tissue System

    • Ground tissue consists of parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma.
    • Parenchyma cells are found in the cortex, pericycle, pith, and medullary rays of stems and roots.
    • The ground tissue in leaves is called mesophyll.

    Vascular Tissue System

    • The vascular system is made of xylem and phloem.
    • The xylem and phloem together form vascular bundles.
    • In dicots, a cambium is present between the xylem and phloem, allowing secondary tissue development, called open vascular bundles.
    • Monocots lack cambium. This limits secondary tissue development and they are called closed vascular bundles.
    • Radial vascular bundles have xylem and phloem arranged in an alternate manner along the radii.
    • Conjoint vascular bundles have xylem and phloem located together along the same radius.
    • In conjoint vascular bundles of stems and leaves, the phloem typically surrounds the xylem.

    Dicotyledonous Root

    • The epiblema is the outermost layer of the root. It contains root hairs.
    • The cortex consists of several layers of parenchyma cells with intercellular spaces.
    • The endodermis is the innermost layer of the cortex. Endodermal cells have a layer of suberin called the Casparian strip on their radial and tangential walls.

    Dicotyledonous Stem

    • The epidermis is the outermost layer of the dicot stem.
    • It has a cuticle.
    • The cortex is located between the epidermis and pericycle.
    • The cortex contains a hypodermis, parenchyma, and an endodermis.
    • The hypodermis is made of collenchyma cells and provides mechanical support.
    • The endodermis contains starch granules and is also called the starch sheath.
    • The pericycle is the layer just inside the endodermis and above the phloem.
    • Medullary rays are parenchymatous cells radially arranged between the vascular bundles.
    • Vascular bundles in a dicot stem are arranged in a ring.
    • Each vascular bundle is conjoint, open, and has an endarch protoxylem.
    • The pith is the central region of the stem, comprised of parenchyma cells.

    Monocotyledonous Stem

    • The monocot stem has a sclerenchymatous hypodermis.
    • Vascular bundles in a monocot stem are scattered throughout the stem.
    • Each vascular bundle is surrounded by a sclerenchymatous bundle sheath.
    • The monocot stem has a large, conspicuous parenchymatous ground tissue.
    • Vascular bundles in a monocot are conjoint and closed.

    Anatomy of Flowering Plants

    • The internal structure and functional organization of flowering plants is known as anatomy.
    • Plants have cells, tissues, and organs.
    • Different organs in a plant show differences in their internal structure.
    • Monocots and dicots are anatomically different.

    Tissue Systems

    • There are three types of tissue systems: epidermal, ground, and vascular.
    • The epidermal tissue is the outermost covering of the plant body.
      • It comprises epidermal cells, stomata, and trichomes.
      • The epidermis is a single layer of cells and is usually covered with a waxy cuticle, which reduces water loss.
      • Stomata are present in the epidermis of leaves and regulate transpiration and gas exchange.
      • Stomata are made up of two guard cells; they contain chloroplasts and regulate the opening and closing of the stomata.
      • Root hairs are unicellular elongations of epidermal cells and help absorb water and minerals.
      • Trichomes are multicellular hairs found on the stem. They help prevent water loss.
    • The ground tissue is everything but the epidermis and vascular bundles.
      • It consists of parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma.
      • It is found in the cortex, pericycle, pith, and medullary rays.
    • The vascular tissue is the conducting tissue.
      • It consists of xylem and phloem, which together form vascular bundles.
      • Dicot stems have a cambium, which allows for secondary growth.
        • These vascular bundles are called open vascular bundles.
      • Monocot stems lack cambium.
        • These vascular bundles are called closed vascular bundles.
      • There are several types of vascular bundle organization based on the orientation of the xylem and phloem, including:
        • Radial: xylem and phloem arranged in an alternate manner along different radii (as in roots).
        • Conjoint: xylem and phloem situated along the same radius (as in stems and leaves).

    Anatomy of Dicotyledonous Plants

    • Dicotyledonous Root
      • The outermost layer of the root is the epiblema.
      • The cortex has several layers of parenchyma cells with intercellular spaces.
      • The endodermis is the innermost layer of the cortex and has a layer of waterproof suberin, known as casparian strips.
      • The pericycle is a layer of thick-walled parenchyma cells that lies next to the endodermis. It is involved in the formation of lateral roots and vascular cambium during secondary growth.
      • The pith is small or inconspicuous in the dicot root.
      • Xylem and phloem are arranged in patches.
      • The stele includes the pericycle, vascular bundles, and pith.
    • Dicotyledonous Stem
      • The epidermis is the outermost layer of the stem.
      • The cortex consists of three sub-zones:
        • Hypodermis: a few layers of collenchyma cells that provide mechanical support.
        • Parenchymatous cells with intercellular spaces.
        • Endodermis: the innermost layer of the cortex, rich in starch grains.
      • The pericycle is found on the inner side of the endodermis and above the phloem.
      • Medullary rays are radially placed parenchymatous cells between vascular bundles.
      • Vascular bundles are arranged in a ring in dicot stems.
      • Pith is a large, round parenchymatous tissue in the center of the stem.
    • Dicotyledonous Leaves
      • The epidermis is the outermost layer of the leaf.
      • The mesophyll is the ground tissue found in leaves. It is composed of thin-walled, chloroplast-containing cells.

    Anatomy of Monocotyledonous Plants

    • Monocotyledonous Root

      • Similarities to dicot roots: epidermis, cortex, endodermis, pericycle, vascular bundles, and pith.
      • Differences: monocot roots typically have more than six xylem bundles (polyarch) and a large, well-developed pith.
      • They do not undergo secondary growth

    • Monocotyledonous Stem

      • Has a sclerenchymatous hypodermis.
      • Has scattered vascular bundles, each surrounded by a sclerenchymatous bundle sheath.
      • Has a large, conspicuous, parenchymatous ground tissue.
      • Vascular bundles are conjoint and closed.

    Anatomy of Flowering Plants

    • The internal structure and organization of flowering plants is called anatomy.
    • Cells are the basic unit of plants, organized into tissues which in turn form organs.
    • Internal structures are adapted to diverse environments.

    Tissue Systems

    • Plants have three types of tissue systems; the epidermal, the ground, and the vascular system.

    Epidermal Tissue System

    • The epidermal tissue system forms the outermost layer of the plant body.
    • It comprises epidermal cells, stomata, trichomes, and hairs.
    • Epidermis is typically a single layer of elongated, compactly arranged cells.
    • Epidermal cells have a small amount of cytoplasm and a large vacuole.
    • The epidermis is often covered with a waxy layer called the cuticle that prevents water loss.
    • Stomata are present in the epidermis of leaves and regulate transpiration and gas exchange.
    • Each stoma consists of two bean-shaped guard cells that enclose a stomatal pore.
    • Guard cells regulate the opening and closing of the stomata.
    • Root hairs are unicellular elongations of epidermal cells that absorb water and minerals.
    • Trichomes are multicellular epidermal hairs on the stem.
    • Trichomes can be branched or unbranched, soft or stiff, and even secretory.
    • Trichomes help prevent water loss.

    Ground Tissue System

    • The ground tissue system includes all tissues except the epidermis and vascular bundles.
    • It consists of simple tissues: parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma.
    • Parenchyma cells are found in the cortex, pericycle, pith, and medullary rays.
    • The ground tissue of leaves is called mesophyll and comprises thin-walled cells containing chloroplasts.

    Vascular Tissue System

    • The vascular system consists of complex tissues, the phloem and xylem.
    • Xylem and phloem together make up vascular bundles.
    • In dicot stems, a cambium layer exists between the phloem and xylem, enabling the formation of secondary xylem and phloem. These are called open vascular bundles.
    • Monocot vascular bundles lack a cambium, cannot form secondary tissues, and are referred to as closed.
    • Vascular bundles can be arranged radially (xylem and phloem alternate along different radii) or conjointly (xylem and phloem together along the same radius).
    • Conjoint vascular bundles usually have phloem only on the outer side of xylem.

    Dicotyledonous Root

    • The outermost layer is the epiblema, with many cells protruding as unicellular root hairs.
    • The cortex consists of several layers of thin-walled parenchyma cells with intercellular spaces.
    • The innermost layer of the cortex is the endodermis, a single layer of barrel-shaped cells with no intercellular spaces.
    • The endodermal cells have casparian strips, water-impermeable, waxy material deposited on their tangential and radial walls.
    • The pericycle lies next to the endodermis and consists of a few layers of thick-walled parenchyma cells.
    • The pith is small or inconspicuous.
    • The parenchyma cells between the xylem and phloem form conjuctive tissue.
    • There are usually two to four xylem and phloem patches.
    • A cambium ring develops between the xylem and phloem.
    • All tissues inside the endodermis, including the pericycle, vascular bundles, and pith, constitute the stele.

    Monocotyledonous Root

    • The anatomy of the monocot root is similar to the dicot root, with epidermis, cortex, endodermis, pericycle, vascular bundles, and pith.
    • Monocot roots often have more than six xylem bundles (polyarch) compared to the fewer bundles of dicot roots.
    • Pith is large and well-developed in monocots.
    • Monocotyledonous roots do not undergo secondary growth.

    Dicotyledonous Stem

    • The outermost layer of the dicot stem is the epidermis, covered with a thin cuticle and may bear trichomes and stomata.
    • The cortex lies between the epidermis and pericycle and consists of three sub-zones: a collenchymatous hypodermis, rounded parenchyma cells with intercellular spaces, and the endodermis.
    • The endodermis is rich in starch grains and serves as the starch sheath.
    • The pericycle is present on the inner side of the endodermis and above the phloem as semi-lunar patches of sclerenchyma.
    • Radially placed parenchymatous cells between the vascular bundles form the medullary rays.
    • Numerous vascular bundles are arranged in a ring, characteristic of dicot stems.
    • Each vascular bundle is conjoint, open, and has endarch protoxylem.
    • The pith, composed of rounded parenchyma cells with large intercellular spaces, occupies the central portion of the stem.

    Monocotyledonous Stem

    • The monocot stem has a sclerenchymatous hypodermis, numerous scattered vascular bundles enclosed by a sclerenchymatous bundle sheath, and large parenchyma ground tissue.
    • Vascular bundles are conjoint and closed.

    Peripheral Vascular Bundles

    • Located further from center of the stem
    • Smaller in size compared to central vascular bundles
    • Lack phloem parenchyma
    • Contain water-filled cavities

    Dorsiventral Leaf Structure

    • Contains three main parts: epidermis, mesophyll, and vascular system

    Epidermis

    • Covers both the upper and lower surfaces of the leaf
    • Outermost layer is called the cuticle
    • Lower epidermis usually has more stomata compared to the upper epidermis

    Mesophyll

    • Tissue located between the upper and lower epidermis
    • Contains chloroplasts for photosynthesis
    • Composed of parenchyma cells divided into two types: palisade and spongy

    Palisade Parenchyma

    • Located on the upper side of the leaf
    • Composed of elongated cells arranged vertically and parallel

    Spongy Parenchyma

    • Placed below the palisade cells
    • Cells are oval or round and loosely arranged
    • Extends to the lower epidermis

    Anatomy of Flowering Plants

    • Discusses similarities and variations in internal structure of plants and compares monocots and dicots
    • Three tissue systems: epidermal, ground, and vascular

    Epidermal Tissue System

    • Forms the outer covering of the plant body
    • Consists of epidermal cells, stomata, and epidermal appendages (trichomes and hairs)
    • Epidermis is usually a single layer of elongated, densely packed cells
    • Cells contain small amount of cytoplasm and a large vacuole
    • Often covered by a waxy cuticle to prevent water loss (except in roots)
    • Stomata regulate transpiration and gas exchange
    • Guard cells control the opening and closing of stomata
    • Root hairs are unicellular elongations, essential for water and mineral absorption
    • Trichomes are multicellular hair-like structures on stems, helping to prevent water loss

    Ground Tissue System

    • Includes all tissues except epidermis and vascular bundles
    • Consists of simple tissues: parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma
    • Parenchyma cells are present in cortex, pericycle, pith, and medullary rays
    • In leaves, ground tissue is called mesophyll and contains thin-walled, chloroplast-containing cells

    Vascular Tissue System

    • Consists of complex tissues: phloem and xylem
    • Xylem and phloem together form vascular bundles
    • Dicotyledonous stems: vascular bundles contain cambium, allowing secondary growth (open vascular bundles)
    • Monocotyledonous stems: vascular bundles lack cambium, preventing secondary growth (closed vascular bundles)
    • Radial vascular bundles: xylem and phloem arranged in an alternate manner along radii, found in roots
    • Conjoint vascular bundles: xylem and phloem are together along the same radius, found in stems and leaves

    Dicotyledonous Root

    • Epiblema: outermost layer, contains root hairs for absorption
    • Cortex: several layers of parenchyma cells with intercellular spaces
    • Endodermis: innermost layer of the cortex, cells have casparian strips (water impermeable)
    • Pericycle: few layers of parenchyma cells, responsible for lateral root development
    • Stele: includes all tissues inside the endodermis (pericycle, vascular bundles, pith)
    • Conjuctive Tissue: parenchyma cells between xylem and phloem
    • Xylem and Phloem: present in patches, later develop into a cambium ring

    Monocotyledonous Root

    • Similar to dicot root, but with a larger and well-developed pith
    • Has more than six xylem bundles (polyarch)
    • Does not undergo secondary growth

    Peripheral Vascular Bundles

    • Smaller than centrally located ones
    • Lack phloem parenchyma
    • Contain water-containing cavities

    Dorsiventral Leaf Anatomy

    • Epidermis: Outermost layer, covered by cuticle, with more stomata on the lower (abaxial) surface
    • Mesophyll: Tissue between upper and lower epidermis, containing chloroplasts for photosynthesis
      • Palisade Parenchyma: Elongated cells arranged vertically for maximum light absorption
      • Spongy Parenchyma: Round, loosely-arranged cells below the palisade parenchyma, providing air spaces for gas exchange

    Vascular Bundle Types

    • Open Vascular Bundles: Found in dicotyledonous stems, have cambium between xylem and phloem, allowing for secondary growth
    • Closed Vascular Bundles: Found in monocotyledonous stems, lack cambium, limiting secondary growth
    • Radial Vascular Bundles: Xylem and phloem arranged in an alternate pattern around the radius, common in roots
    • Conjoint Vascular Bundles: Xylem and phloem located together along the same radius, common in stems and leaves

    Dicotyledonous Root Anatomy

    • Ediblema: Outermost layer, with root hairs for absorption
    • Cortex: Several layers of parenchyma cells with intercellular spaces
    • Endodermis: Innermost layer of cortex, with casparian strips for regulating water movement
    • Pericycle: Thick-walled cells next to endodermis, responsible for lateral root initiation and cambium development
    • Vascular Bundle: Consists of xylem and phloem, with a cambium ring developing between them

    Monocotyledonous Root Anatomy

    • Similar to dicotyledonous root but with more xylem bundles (polyarch)
    • Large, well-developed pith
    • No secondary growth

    Dicotyledonous Stem Anatomy

    • Epidermis: Outer protective layer covered by cuticle, may have trichomes and stomata
    • Cortex: Multiple layers of cells between epidermis and pericycle
      • Hypodermis: Outer layer of collenchyma cells for support
      • Parenchyma: Rounded, thin-walled cells with intercellular spaces
      • Endodermis: Innermost layer, rich in starch, also known as starch sheath
    • Pericycle: Semi-lunar patches of sclerenchyma above the phloem
    • Vascular Bundles: Arranged in a ring, conjoint, open, and with endarch protoxylem
    • Pith: Large central region of parenchymatous cells with large intercellular spaces

    Monocotyledonous Stem Anatomy

    • Hypodermis: Sclerenchymatous, providing support
    • Vascular Bundles: Scattered throughout the stem, conjoint, closed, surrounded by sclerenchymatous bundle sheath
    • Ground Tissue: Large, conspicuous parenchymatous tissue with large air cavities

    Monocotyledonous Leaf Anatomy

    • Isobilateral: Similar to dorsiventral leaves but with stomata on both surfaces and no differentiation into palisade and spongy parenchyma
    • Bulliform Cells: Large, empty, colorless cells in adaxial epidermis of grasses, help regulate water loss by controlling leaf curling

    Plant Tissue Systems

    • Epidermal Tissue System: Includes epidermal cells, stomata, and epidermal appendages, responsible for protection and gas exchange
    • Ground Tissue System: Forms the main bulk of the plant, divided into cortex, pericycle, and pith, involved in storage, photosynthesis, and support
    • Vascular Tissue System: Composed of xylem and phloem, responsible for transporting water, minerals, and food materials
    • Meristematic Tissue: Composed of actively dividing cells, responsible for growth, and can be apical, lateral, or intercalary
    • Permanent Tissue: Composed of non-dividing cells, categorized as simple (parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma) and complex (xylem and phloem)

    Peripheral Vascular Bundles

    • Smaller than centrally located vascular bundles.
    • Lack phloem parenchyma.
    • Contain water-containing cavities.

    Dorsiventral Leaf

    • Upper and lower epidermis covered by a cuticle.
    • Abaxial epidermis has more stomata than the adaxial epidermis, which may lack stomata.
    • Mesophyll between epidermis layers is made up of parenchyma and chloroplasts-containing cells.
    • Palisade parenchyma: elongated cells vertically arranged, located adaxially.
    • Spongy parenchyma: oval/round, loosely arranged cells below palisade cells extending to lower epidermis.
    • Stomata regulate transpiration and gaseous exchange.
      • Composed of two bean-shaped guard cells enclosing a stomatal pore.
      • In grasses, guard cells are dumb-bell shaped.
      • Guard cells have chloroplasts and control opening and closing of stomata.
      • Subsidiary cells, specialized epidermal cells, surround guard cells.
      • Stomatal apparatus: stomatal aperture, guard cells, and subsidiary cells.
    • Epidermal cells can bear hairs:
      • Root hairs: unicellular elongations for water and mineral absorption.
      • Trichomes: epidermal hairs on stems, usually multicellular, can be branched/unbranched, soft/stiff, and secretory.
      • Trichomes prevent water loss through transpiration.

    Ground Tissue System

    • All tissues except epidermis and vascular bundles.
    • Includes simple tissues: parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma.
    • Parenchyma found in:
      • Cortex, pericycle, pith, and medullary rays in primary stems and roots.
      • Mesophyll in leaves, containing thin-walled chloroplast-containing cells.

    Vascular Tissue System

    • Complex tissues: xylem and phloem.
    • Xylem & phloem together form vascular bundles.
    • Located next to the endodermis:
      • Pericycle: thick-walled parenchymatous cells, involved in lateral root initiation and vascular cambium formation during secondary growth.
      • Pith: small or inconspicuous, made up of parenchymatous cells.
      • Conjuctive tissue: parenchymatous cells between xylem and phloem.
      • Cambium ring develops between xylem and phloem.
    • Stele: all tissues on the inner side of the endodermis (pericycle, vascular bundles, pith).

    Monocotyledonous Root

    • Similarities to dicot root: epidermis, cortex, endodermis, pericycle, vascular bundles, and pith.
    • Differences:
      • Usually more than six xylem bundles (polyarch) compared to dicot root’s fewer bundles.
      • Large and well-developed pith.
      • No secondary growth.

    Dicotyledonous Stem

    • Epidermis: outermost protective layer, covered by a cuticle, contains trichomes and stomata.
    • Cortex: cells between epidermis and pericycle, divided into subzones:
      • Hypodermis: outer layer with collenchymatous cells for strengthening the stem.
      • Cortical layers: rounded, thin-walled parenchyma cells with intercellular spaces.
      • Endodermis: innermost layer, rich in starch grains, also known as starch sheath.
    • Pericycle: present inside the endodermis, above phloem, as semi-lunar patches of sclerenchyma.
    • Medullary rays: radially placed parenchymatous cells between vascular bundles.
    • Vascular bundles: arranged in a ring, characteristic of dicot stems, conjoint, open, and with endarch protoxylem.
    • Pith: large, rounded parenchyma cells with intercellular spaces, occupying the central portion of the stem.

    Monocotyledonous Stem

    • Sclerenchymatous hypodermis.
    • Numerous scattered vascular bundles, each surrounded by a sclerenchymatous bundle sheath.
    • Large parenchyma ground tissue.
    • Vascular bundles: conjoint and closed, large spaces and air cavities between cells.

    Leaf Vascular System

    • Located in veins and midrib.
    • Bundle size depends on vein size, varying in thickness in dicot leaves with reticulate venation.
    • Vascular bundles surrounded by thick-walled bundle sheath cells.
    • Xylem typically located towards the upper side of the vascular bundle in dicot leaves.

    Isobilateral Leaf

    • Similar to dorsiventral leaf with some differences.
    • Stomata present on both epidermal surfaces.
    • Mesophyll not differentiated into palisade and spongy parenchyma.
    • Grasses: adaxial epidermal cells along veins modified into large, empty, colourless cells called bulliform cells.
      • Turgid bulliform cells expose the leaf surface.
      • Flaccid bulliform cells (under water stress) make the leaf curl inwards to minimize water loss.
    • Parallel venation in monocot leaves results in similar sizes for most vascular bundles (except main veins).

    Summary of Plant Tissues

    • Plant tissues are categorized as:
      • Meristematic: apical, lateral, and intercalary.
      • Permanent: simple and complex.
    • Tissue system functions:
      • Assimilation and storage of food.
      • Transportation of water, minerals, and photosynthates.
      • Mechanical support.
    • Three tissue systems:
      • Epidermal: epidermal cells, stomata, and appendages.
      • Ground: cortex, pericycle, pith.
      • Vascular: xylem and phloem.
    • Vascular bundle types based on:
      • Cambium presence.
      • Xylem and phloem arrangement.
    • Vascular bundles serve as the conducting tissue for water, minerals, and food.
    • Marked differences in internal structures between monocot and dicot plants.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the anatomy of dicotyledonous leaves, focusing on the structure and function of various tissues including epidermal, ground, and vascular systems. Learn about the unique features of the mesophyll and the epidermis in dicot plants. Test your knowledge on the differences in epidermal structures and vascular bundles.

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