Plant Anatomy and Key Processes

Study Notes

Plant Anatomy and Processes

Leaves are modified for food storage and are the sites of photosynthesis.
Flowers are involved in pollination, fertilization, and seed production.
Fruits protect seeds, aid in their development, and facilitate seed dispersal.
Seeds are essential for the growth of new plants.

Flower Structure

Male part: Stamen (includes anther and filament).
Female part: Pistil/Carpel (includes stigma, style, ovary, and ovule).

Key Plant Processes

Osmosis: Movement of water from high to low water potential across a semi-permeable membrane.
Transpiration: Release of water vapor from stomata in leaves.
Photosynthesis: Conversion of water, carbon dioxide, and sunlight into carbohydrates by green plants.
Translocation: Movement of carbohydrates from leaves to other plant parts.
Respiration: Breakdown of carbohydrates with oxygen to release energy.

Propagation Methods

Layering, Grafting, Budding, and Stem Cutting are common methods.

Sexual Reproduction in Plants

Fertilization: Fusion of male and female sex cells to form a zygote/seed.
Occurs in the flower.

Flower Functions

Anther: Produces pollen grains.
Filament: Supports the anther.
Stigma: Receives pollen grains.
Style: Connects stigma to the ovary.
Ovary: Contains ovules, which develop into seeds post-fertilization.
Ovule: Contains the egg cell; becomes the seed after fertilization.
Petal: Attracts pollinators with its color.
Sepal: Protects the flower.

Pollination Types

Pollination: Transfer of pollen from anther to stigma.
Self-pollination: Pollen transfer within the same flower.
Cross-pollination: Pollen transfer between different flowers.

Fertilization Process

Pollen lands on stigma, germinates, and forms a pollen tube carrying sperm cells.
Pollen tube grows through the style into the ovary.
One sperm fertilizes the egg cell, forming a zygote, while the ovary develops into fruit.

Importance of Fruits

Fruits protect and nurture seeds and assist in seed dispersal.

Weeding and Pest Control

Control weeds by removing them young, using tools, and preventing seed development.
Manage pests with pesticides, removing them manually, and using healthy seeds.

Pawpaw Cultivation

Pawpaw fruits ripen in about nine months.
Harvest when fruits change color from green to yellow, typically between September to December and March to June using pruning shears.

Animal Production

Livestock: Refers to farm animals; includes cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, donkeys, poultry, and ostriches.
Animals serve various purposes: meat, milk, transport, and other products.

Causes of Animal Diseases

Bacteria, viruses, protozoa, fungi, and parasites lead to animal illnesses.

Categories of Parasites

Internal Parasites: Live inside the host animal.
External Parasites: Live on the skin or surface.

Cattle Breeds and Uses

Beef Breeds: Brahman, Afrikaner, Bonsmara for meat.
Dairy Breeds: Friesland, Jersey for milk.
Dual-purpose Breeds: Brown Swiss, Simmentaler for both meat and milk.

Sheep Breeds and Uses

Mutton Breeds: Dorper, Damara, Blackhead Persian for meat.
Wool-bearing Breeds: Merino for wool.
Pelt Breeds: Karakul for pelt.

Goat Breeds

Meat breed: Boer goat.
Dairy breed: Saanen.
Mohair breed: Angora goat.

Poultry Management Practices

Immunization, dipping, dosing, castration, marking, and teeth clipping are essential for animal health.

Common Pig Diseases

Anthrax, swine fever, foot and mouth disease, diarrhoea, and tetanus are notable diseases.

Disease Prevention and Control

Vaccination, removing and incinerating infected animals, and notifying veterinarians are key prevention strategies.

Description

This quiz covers essential aspects of plant anatomy, including flower structure and vital processes such as photosynthesis and transpiration. Test your knowledge on plant propagation methods and the roles of various plant parts in growth and reproduction. Perfect for students studying plant biology!