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Questions and Answers
What happens when intracranial pressure approaches arterial pressure?
What happens when intracranial pressure approaches arterial pressure?
Which mechanism does not contribute to autoregulation of cerebral blood flow?
Which mechanism does not contribute to autoregulation of cerebral blood flow?
What is the primary chemical regulator of cerebral blood flow?
What is the primary chemical regulator of cerebral blood flow?
Which response occurs when cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) is increased?
Which response occurs when cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) is increased?
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What is primarily responsible for increasing cerebral blood flow during oxygen deficiency?
What is primarily responsible for increasing cerebral blood flow during oxygen deficiency?
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How does increased cerebral activity affect cerebral blood flow?
How does increased cerebral activity affect cerebral blood flow?
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What role does excess H+ concentration play in cerebral circulation?
What role does excess H+ concentration play in cerebral circulation?
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Which of the following is a hallmark of the Cushing reflex?
Which of the following is a hallmark of the Cushing reflex?
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What can an impairment of the blood-CSF barrier lead to?
What can an impairment of the blood-CSF barrier lead to?
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What is a consequence of a compromised blood-CSF barrier?
What is a consequence of a compromised blood-CSF barrier?
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What is the average cerebral blood flow in a normal adult?
What is the average cerebral blood flow in a normal adult?
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How does brain activity affect cerebral blood flow?
How does brain activity affect cerebral blood flow?
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What primary function does cerebrospinal fluid serve?
What primary function does cerebrospinal fluid serve?
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Which of the following factors influences intracranial pressure?
Which of the following factors influences intracranial pressure?
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What type of transport mechanism is primarily used by the blood-brain barrier?
What type of transport mechanism is primarily used by the blood-brain barrier?
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What is a key characteristic of the blood-brain barrier's permeability?
What is a key characteristic of the blood-brain barrier's permeability?
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What is the primary function of the blood-brain barrier?
What is the primary function of the blood-brain barrier?
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How does the composition of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) differ from that of plasma?
How does the composition of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) differ from that of plasma?
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What happens to cerebral blood flow when arterial blood pressure falls below 60 mmHg?
What happens to cerebral blood flow when arterial blood pressure falls below 60 mmHg?
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What causes a stroke in terms of blood supply to the brain?
What causes a stroke in terms of blood supply to the brain?
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What is the normal range for cerebral blood flow autoregulation in terms of arterial blood pressure?
What is the normal range for cerebral blood flow autoregulation in terms of arterial blood pressure?
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What occurs if arterial blood pressure rises above 140 mmHg?
What occurs if arterial blood pressure rises above 140 mmHg?
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In a hypertensive individual, how is the autoregulatory range for cerebral blood flow affected?
In a hypertensive individual, how is the autoregulatory range for cerebral blood flow affected?
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What is the relationship between intracranial pressure and cerebral blood flow?
What is the relationship between intracranial pressure and cerebral blood flow?
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Study Notes
Spinal Cord I (Anatomy)
- The spinal cord is a long cord-like structure extending from the brainstem
- It's approximately 45 cm long
- Located within the vertebral canal for structural protection
- Held in place by spinal nerve roots and denticulate ligaments
- A segmental structure, giving rise to 31 bilaterally paired spinal nerves
- Cervical nerves (C1-C8)
- Thoracic nerves (T1-T12)
- Lumbar nerves (L1-L5)
- Sacral nerves (S1-S5)
- Coccygeal nerve
- Extends from the foramen magnum to the level of the disc between L1 and L2 vertebrae
- At birth, it extends lower (to L3 vertebral level)
- Different spinal cord segments can be related to specific vertebral levels
Anatomy of the Spinal Cord
- Spinal nerves exit above the vertebra with the same number (e.g., C6 above C6 vertebrae) except for C8 which exits below C7.
- Spinal cord levels can be linked to the vertebrae of the same level.
- The spinal cord has different enlargements
- Cervical enlargement (C5 through T1), supplying the upper limbs
- Lumbar enlargement (L1 through S3), supplying the lower limbs
Spinal nerves
- 31 pairs of spinal nerves
- Formed by union of dorsal and ventral roots
- Dorsal roots carry sensory info
- Ventral roots carry motor info
The Meninges
- Dura Mater: The outer layer
- Arachnoid Mater: The middle layer
- Pia Mater: The innermost layer
Spinal Cord Cross Section
- The spinal cord is divided centrally and symmetrically.
- Anterior median fissure and posterior median sulcus along its longitudinal length
Spinal Cord Blood Supply
- Anterior spinal artery
- Posterior spinal arteries
- Segmental radiculospinal arteries
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