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What is pathology?
What is pathology?
The study of disease.
What are the four main components of etiology?
What are the four main components of etiology?
Causes, modifying factors, genetic predisposition, and environmental factors.
What kind of changes does pathology identify in cells and tissues?
What kind of changes does pathology identify in cells and tissues?
Gross morphological changes.
What is pathogenesis?
What is pathogenesis?
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What is the name given to the study of causes of death?
What is the name given to the study of causes of death?
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What is the name given to the study of causes of illness?
What is the name given to the study of causes of illness?
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The classification of diseases does not have any practical implications.
The classification of diseases does not have any practical implications.
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Which type of classification categorizes diseases based on their bodily region or system?
Which type of classification categorizes diseases based on their bodily region or system?
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Which type of classification categorizes diseases based on their function or effect?
Which type of classification categorizes diseases based on their function or effect?
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Which type of classification categorizes diseases based on the specific organ or tissue affected?
Which type of classification categorizes diseases based on the specific organ or tissue affected?
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Which type of classification categorizes diseases based on the nature of the disease process?
Which type of classification categorizes diseases based on the nature of the disease process?
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Which type of classification categorizes diseases based on the underlying cause?
Which type of classification categorizes diseases based on the underlying cause?
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Specializations within medicine are often based on topographic or systemic divisions.
Specializations within medicine are often based on topographic or systemic divisions.
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Study Notes
Pathology - Study of Disease
- Pathology is the study of disease.
- Etiology involves causes, modifying factors, genetic predisposition, and environmental factors.
- Pathogenesis describes the steps of developing a disease.
- Pathology identifies gross morphological changes in cells, tissues, and body fluids.
Introduction to Pathology
- Pathology is the study of disease.
Classification of Disease
- The classification of diseases aids in statistics regarding morbidity (illness) and mortality (causes of death).
Topographic Classification
- Diseases are categorized by body region (e.g., gastrointestinal, vascular).
- Specialists often focus on specific body regions, for example, vascular surgeons.
Anatomic Classification
- Diseases are categorized by the specific organ or tissue affected.
- Specializations, such as cardiology, are often restricted to a single organ.
Physiological Classification
- Diseases are categorized by the functional disturbances caused by a specific disorder.
- Respiratory diseases affect air intake and carbon dioxide exchange.
- Metabolic diseases involve disturbances in the body's chemical processes.
Pathological Classification
- Pathological classifications consider the nature of the disease process.
- Examples include neoplastic and inflammatory diseases, specifically cancers and their impact on beings.
Etiologic Classification
- Etiologic classification focuses on the cause of a disease.
- This is important when identifying diseases like staphylococcal, rickettsial, and fungal diseases.
- Diseases may affect specific organs/systems like the kidneys, liver, meninges, skin, and lungs.
- Sexually transmitted diseases (STD's) fall into this category
Epidemiological Classification
- Epidemiological classification focuses on the incidence and distribution of diseases in a population.
- Helps with controlling the spread of disease and understanding its origins.
Cellular Responses
- Cells actively participate and change structure and function.
- Cells maintain homeostasis (steady state)
- Cells adapt when facing physiologic or pathological stress.
Cellular Response Stages
- Two adaptation types exist: physiological and pathological.
- Adaptation responses include hypertrophy, hyperplasia, atrophy, and metaplasia.
Cellular Injury
- Normal cells can become injured due to stress.
- Injury can be reversible or irreversible which can lead to cell death.
- Irreversible injury leads to cell death via necrosis and apoptosis.
Hypertrophy
- Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size, resulting in organ enlargement.
- Physiologic hypertrophy is hormone-driven growth, for example, due to pregnancy.
- Pathologic hypertrophy is abnormal, for example, due to cardiac muscle enlargement.
- Hypertrophy mechanism is triggered by a mix of mechanical factors (e.g., stretch) and trophic factors (e.g., growth factors).
Hyperplasia
- Hyperplasia is an increase in cell number.
- Physiological hyperplasia is controlled hormone-driven growth, for example, in puberty.
- Pathologic hyperplasia is potentially problematic (e.g, uncontrolled growth due to hormones).
Atrophy
- Atrophy is a decrease in cell size or cell mass.
- Causes are varied, including disease or injury, loss of innervation, diminished blood supply, or aging-related factors.
Metaplasia
- A reversible change in which one adult cell type replaces another.
- Stem cells reprogram (or differentiation of adult cells)
- Often seen in smokers due to squamous epithelium replacing columnar epithelium.
- Can increase the risk of cancer and other diseases in specific locations.
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