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Questions and Answers

What is the main function of the tropic hormones of the anterior pituitary?

  • To regulate the secretion of growth hormone
  • To directly regulate physiological processes
  • To inhibit the production of hormones by the posterior pituitary
  • To stimulate the production of other hormones (correct)
  • What is the role of the hypothalamic-hypophysial portal system?

  • To stimulate the production of hormones by the posterior pituitary
  • To inhibit the production of hormones by the anterior pituitary
  • To transport hormones from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary (correct)
  • To regulate the secretion of growth hormone
  • What is the effect of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) on growth hormone secretion?

  • It has no effect on growth hormone secretion
  • It increases growth hormone secretion
  • It only affects growth hormone secretion in children
  • It decreases growth hormone secretion (correct)
  • What is the physiological effect of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?

    <p>It decreases urine production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between the anterior and posterior pituitary glands?

    <p>The anterior pituitary produces hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands, while the posterior pituitary produces hormones that directly regulate physiological processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the hormone produced by lactotropes in the anterior pituitary gland?

    <p>Promotion of mammary glands and milk production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the bony structure that the pituitary gland resides in?

    <p>Sella turcica</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the hormones produced by the anterior pituitary gland that stimulate other endocrine glands?

    <p>Tropic hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the surgical procedure that removes pituitary tumors through the nose?

    <p>Transsphenoidal hypophysectomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the hypothalamus in the endocrine system?

    <p>To coordinate the endocrine system via multiple mechanisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of hormones does the hypothalamic neurons synthesize?

    <p>Antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the hypothalamic-hypophysial portal system?

    <p>To transport regulatory hormones from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of releasing hormones on the anterior pituitary?

    <p>They stimulate hormone synthesis and secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis?

    <p>To regulate the secretion of pituitary hormones and target glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the median eminence in the hypothalamic-pituitary axis?

    <p>It is the site where releasing hormones are delivered to the anterior pituitary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between short-loop and long-loop feedback in the hypothalamic-pituitary axis?

    <p>Short-loop feedback is negative feedback from the pituitary, while long-loop feedback is negative feedback from the target gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the hypothalamic-neurohypophyseal axis responsible for?

    <p>Releasing posterior pituitary hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH)?

    <p>To inhibit the release of growth hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is predominantly under negative control from the hypothalamus?

    <p>Prolactin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Growth Hormone in early development?

    <p>To stimulate growth and mark specific developmental phases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of the somatotropic axis?

    <p>It has a single endocrine target, the liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1)?

    <p>To stimulate cell division and cell differentiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of excessive Growth Hormone secretion before the closure of epiphyses?

    <p>Gigantism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of Growth Hormone on glucose metabolism?

    <p>It promotes lipolysis and increases blood glucose levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a factor that increases Growth Hormone secretion? (2)

    <p>Deep sleep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of Growth Hormone deficiency in childhood?

    <p>Pituitary dwarfism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Growth Hormone in adults?

    <p>To maintain normal blood glucose levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1) on somatostatin neurons?

    <p>It stimulates somatostatin secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in the body?

    <p>Controlling water balance and promoting vasoconstriction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are the peptide pre-hormones neurophysins processed into oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone?

    <p>Hypothalamic nuclei</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of a deficiency of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in the body?

    <p>Excretion of large volumes of dilute urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in response to increased osmolality of blood?

    <p>Osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus stimulate the release of ADH through the hypothalamo-hypophyseal nerve tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of oxytocin in labor?

    <p>Potentiating smooth muscle contraction during labor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of excess antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in the body?

    <p>Syndrome of inappropriate secretion of ADH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of neurophysins in the transport of oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone?

    <p>Acting as carrier proteins for oxytocin and ADH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of oxytocin on the lactating breast?

    <p>Stimulating milk ejection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) on blood pressure?

    <p>Increasing blood pressure through vasoconstriction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Posterior Pituitary Gland and Its Relation to the Hypothalamus

    • The posterior pituitary gland produces two hormones: ADH (antidiuretic hormone) and OT (oxytocin)
    • Both hormones are produced in the hypothalamic nuclei, specifically in the supraoptic nucleus (SON) and paraventricular nucleus (PVN)
    • ADH (arginine vasopressin) controls water balance in the body, concentrates urine, and promotes vasoconstriction
    • Oxytocin (OT) is a maternal hormone involved in parturition, lactation, and natriuretic peptide, and inhibits salt appetite

    Hypothalamic Nuclei

    • Most cells in the hypothalamic nuclei express ADH or OT, with 2-3% expressing both hormones
    • The hormones are transported with neurophysins (carrier proteins) to the axon terminals and stored in the posterior pituitary gland
    • Both hormones are secreted by exocytosis

    ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone)

    • Mechanism of secretion: osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus sense changes in blood osmolality, sending nerve impulses to the posterior pituitary to stimulate ADH secretion
    • ADH increases fluid retention in the kidneys, promotes vasoconstriction, and stimulates the insertion of aquaporins into the luminal membranes of the connecting tubule and collecting duct cells

    Abnormalities of ADH

    • Deficiency: central diabetes insipidus, characterized by the excretion of large volumes of dilute urine (polyuria)
    • Excess: nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, characterized by ADH resistance in the kidneys, leading to polyuria

    Physiological Effects of Oxytocin

    • Potentiates smooth muscle contraction during labor, stimulates milk ejection from the lactating breast, and promotes uterine contractions
    • Stimulates the incorporation of gap junctions between uterine smooth muscle cells

    Growth Hormone (GH)

    • Produced by the anterior pituitary gland, regulates growth and development from infancy to adulthood
    • Stimulates the liver to produce insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), which promotes growth and development

    The Somatotropic Axis

    • Regulates the release of GH, which stimulates the liver to produce IGF-1
    • IGF-1 directly inhibits GH release from the anterior pituitary, creating a negative feedback loop

    Negative Feedback Regulation of GH

    • GH stimulates IGF-1 secretion, which directly inhibits GH release from the anterior pituitary
    • IGF-1 also indirectly inhibits GH secretion by suppressing GHRH secretion and increasing somatostatin secretion

    Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1) and Body Size

    • IGF-1 is primarily responsible for the effects of GH on growth and development
    • Stimulates cell division and differentiation, promoting linear growth in long bones and bone diameter

    Stimulation of Growth by GH

    • GH works directly on specific tissues to produce acute metabolic effects that oppose the effects of insulin
    • Stimulates cell production, lipolysis, and glucose sparing in various tissues

    Age and GH

    • GH secretion peaks during puberty and declines with aging
    • Effects on protein synthesis are most apparent in children, while in adults, GH helps maintain normal blood glucose and mobilize lipid stores

    GH Secretion

    • Control of GH secretion is regulated by the hypothalamus, which releases GHRH and somatostatin to stimulate and inhibit GH secretion, respectively
    • Factors that increase GH secretion include hypoglycemia, increased plasma concentration of amino acids, deep sleep, acute physical stress, and starvation
    • Factors that decrease GH secretion include hyperglycemia, elevated plasma free fatty acids, aging, obesity, and exogenous GH
    • Alterations in GH lead to panhypopituitarism, a condition characterized by decreased secretion of all anterior pituitary hormones
    • Pituitary dwarfism is a result of GH deficiency in childhood, leading to growth cessation and lack of secondary sex characteristics
    • Alterations in GH lead to gigantism, a condition characterized by excessive growth and height
    • Acromegaly, a condition characterized by excessive bone growth and soft tissue growth after adolescence, leading to enlarged hands and feet, and soft tissue swelling

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