Pituitary and Adrenal Hormones

A patient with suspected Cushing's syndrome is undergoing initial diagnostic testing. If the syndrome is caused by a pituitary adenoma, what pattern of ACTH and cortisol levels would be expected?

Following a thyroidectomy, a patient reports tingling around their mouth and fingertips. What electrolyte imbalance is the MOST likely cause of these symptoms, and what immediate intervention is indicated?

A patient with known diabetes insipidus (DI) is scheduled for a water deprivation test to assess the severity of their condition. Before initiating the test, which of the following conditions must be ruled out to ensure patient safety?

A patient with a history of hyperthyroidism is admitted with fever, tachycardia, and altered mental status, suggesting thyroid storm. Which initial nursing intervention is MOST crucial for this condition?

A patient with Addison's disease is admitted to the hospital for an elective hip replacement surgery. The patient's home medication is hydrocortisone 20mg in the morning and 10mg in the afternoon. Which of the following orders from the provider should the nurse clarify prior to surgery?

A patient with acromegaly is scheduled for a transsphenoidal hypophysectomy. Preoperatively, the nurse emphasizes the importance of avoiding activities that increase intracranial pressure (ICP). Which instruction below is MOST appropriate?

A type 1 diabetic patient who has been diligently managing their diabetes presents at their annual wellness check-up. The patients most recent A1C is 9.8%. Despite having a good understanding of nutrition principles, using appropriate insulin administration technique, and monitoring blood glucose levels four times per day, the patient's glycemic control is consistently poor. What condition may contribute to this patient's poor glycemic control?

What key difference differentiates the action of sulfonylureas and metformin in managing type 2 diabetes mellitus?

A patient with severe diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) has been receiving IV insulin and fluids for several hours. The laboratory results now show a blood glucose of 210 mg/dL, pH of 7.32, bicarbonate of 16 mEq/L, and serum potassium of 3.1 mEq/L. Which intervention is the MOST appropriate at this time?

A patient is prescribed desmopressin for the treatment of central diabetes insipidus. What adverse effect would warrant immediate discontinuation of the medication?

A patient with a history of Graves' disease is scheduled to receive radioactive iodine (RAI) therapy. The patient expresses concern about potential long-term effects. What is the MOST appropriate response?

What specific recommendation should a nurse provide to a patient scheduled for an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) to ensure accurate results?

A patient with a known pituitary tumor is being evaluated for hypopituitarism. Which of the following clinical manifestations would require the MOST immediate intervention?

During a follow-up appointment, a patient with type 2 diabetes reports experiencing frequent episodes of hypoglycemia, despite adhering to their prescribed medication regimen of metformin and a sulfonylurea. What is the MOST appropriate INITIAL intervention to address this issue?

A patient being treated for SIADH (syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone) develops confusion, muscle twitching, and has a serum sodium level of 118 mEq/L. What is the MOSTappropriate intervention the nurse should anticipate?

What is the underlying cause of the Somogyi effect in a type 1 diabetic patient, and how is it typically managed?

A patient with long-standing type 2 diabetes develops nephropathy. The provider prescribes a sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor. What additional benefit, besides glucose control, can this medication class provide for this patient?

Prior to initiating metformin therapy, what laboratory assessment is MOST critical to evaluate for patient safety?

A patient with Hashimoto's thyroiditis is started on levothyroxine. What specific symptom, if reported by the patient, requires the MOST urgent follow-up with the provider?

A patient with hyperparathyroidism is undergoing preoperative teaching for a parathyroidectomy. What crucial information should the nurse include regarding potential postoperative complications?

A 45-year-old female presents with a constellation of symptoms including central obesity, easy bruising, thin skin, and elevated blood pressure. Initial laboratory findings reveal hyperglycemia and hypokalemia. Which of the following hormonal imbalances is the MOST likely underlying cause of these manifestations?

A 30-year-old patient is being evaluated for possible acromegaly. An initial test reveals elevated levels of Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1). Which of the following is the MOST reliable confirmatory test to definitively diagnose acromegaly?

A 55-year-old male with a history of type 2 diabetes mellitus presents to the emergency department with altered mental status, severe dehydration, and a serum glucose level of 950 mg/dL. Arterial blood gas analysis reveals a normal pH and bicarbonate level. Which of the following is the MOST likely diagnosis?

A 62-year-old female with longstanding type 2 diabetes mellitus and known cardiovascular disease is started on canagliflozin, an SGLT2 inhibitor. Which of the following potential adverse effects should the nurse prioritize in patient education due to the patient's comorbidities?

A 28-year-old female presents with secondary amenorrhea and galactorrhea. Her serum prolactin level is significantly elevated. After ruling out pregnancy and medication-induced hyperprolactinemia, what is the MOST appropriate next step in the evaluation of this patient?

A 34-year-old male presents with symptoms of fatigue, weight gain, constipation, and cold intolerance. Laboratory results show a low free T4 level and a normal TSH level. Which of the statements MOST accurately reflects the underlying etiology and appropriate management?

A 68-year-old male with a history of hyperparathyroidism presents with fatigue, bone pain, and constipation. Serum calcium is elevated at 12.5 mg/dL. Which of the following interventions is MOST critical in the immediate management of this patient?

A 50-year-old female undergoes a total thyroidectomy for papillary thyroid cancer. Postoperatively, she develops muscle spasms, facial twitching, and numbness around her mouth. Which of the following electrolyte abnormalities is the MOST likely cause, and what is the MOST appropriate initial intervention?

A 40-year-old patient with a known pituitary adenoma presents with worsening visual field deficits, specifically bitemporal hemianopsia. Which of the following mechanisms BEST explains the cause of this visual disturbance?

A patient with known diabetes insipidus (DI) is receiving desmopressin (DDAVP) intranasally. Which assessment finding BEST indicates that the medication is having the desired therapeutic effect?

A patient with Addison's disease is admitted to the hospital for an unrelated surgical procedure. The patient reports taking hydrocortisone 20 mg in the morning and 10 mg in the afternoon. The surgical team plans to administer etomidate for anesthesia induction. What is the MOST important consideration regarding the patient's steroid replacement during and after the procedure?

A 25-year-old patient presents to the clinic complaining of heat intolerance, anxiety, and frequent bowel movements. Physical examination reveals a fine tremor and a diffusely enlarged thyroid gland. Which diagnostic test would BEST confirm the suspected diagnosis?

In a patient with suspected pheochromocytoma, which of the following 24-hour urine test results would provide the STRONGEST evidence supporting the diagnosis?

A patient with a history of panhypopituitarism is being treated with multiple hormone replacement therapies. Which combination of medications requires CAREFUL monitoring for potential drug interactions and overlapping side effects?

A 22-year-old primigravida develops Sheehan's syndrome following a severe postpartum hemorrhage. Which of the following clinical manifestations would necessitate the MOST urgent intervention?

In managing a patient with severe hyperthyroidism (thyroid storm), which of the following medication combinations would be MOST effective in addressing the multiple facets of the condition?

A patient with type 1 diabetes is started on pramlintide in addition to their insulin regimen. What is the MOST important teaching point regarding the administration of this medication to prevent adverse effects?

A patient with diabetes is prescribed repaglinide. Which instruction is MOST important to provide the patient regarding when to take this medication?

Which signs and symptoms indicate to the nurse that the patient's diabetes is worsening?

A client with mild hypoglycemia is prescribed fruit juice to increase blood levels. Which is the MOST important step?

A client is diagnoses with Addison's disease. Which are important teaching points for this patient?

What are important indicators of fluid overload that must be monitored at least every 2 hours in a client with Cushing's?

What are important teaching points for patients who require Radioactive Iodine (RAI)?

Match the following: 1) Hypoglycemia and 2) Hyperglycemia with A) Cool, clammy, sweaty skin and B) Anxious and irritable mental state.