Pipeline Gas Quality and Acid Gas Removal Unit

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Questions and Answers

What is the formula to calculate the enthalpy of a multiphase mixture when enthalpies of the gas and liquid phases are expressed per unit mass?

ℎ𝑀 = 𝐻𝐿 ℎ𝐿 + 1 − 𝐻𝐿 ℎ𝐺

Which standards are included in the ASME Pressure Piping Codes?

B.31.4 - Liquid Transportation Systems for Hydrocarbons, Liquid Petroleum Gas, Anhydrous Ammonia, and Alcohols (correct)

B.31.5 - Refrigeration Piping

B.31.1 - Power Piping (correct)

B.31.3 - Chemical Plant and Petroleum Refinery Piping (correct)

Low carbon steel is recommended for use at temperatures above 400°C.

False

The _ method can be used to join pipe lengths for sizes less than 100 mm for low and moderate pressures.

threaded Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of pipe flanges with their corresponding descriptions:

Welded Flange = Flange that is welded to the pipe ends Lap Joint Flange = Type of loose or lapped flange Screwed Flange = Flange with threads for connections Slip-On Welded Flange = Type of welded neck flange Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of superficial velocity in the context of multiphase flow?

Superficial velocity is the velocity of one phase of a multiphase flow, assuming that the phase occupies the whole cross-section of the pipe by itself. Signup and view all the answers

How is mixture velocity defined in multiphase flow?

The fluid mixture velocity is defined as the sum of the superficial velocities of each phase involved. Signup and view all the answers

What is holdup in the context of multiphase flow?

Holdup is the cross-sectional area locally occupied by one of the phases of a multiphase flow relative to the cross-sectional area of the pipe at the same local position. Signup and view all the answers

Define phase velocity in the context of multiphase flow.

Phase velocity, or in-situ velocity, is the velocity of a phase of a multiphase flow based on the area of the pipe occupied by that phase. Signup and view all the answers

What is slip in the context of multiphase flow?

Slip refers to the flow condition that exists when the phases in a pipeline have different velocities. Signup and view all the answers

How is mixture density calculated in the analysis of multiphase flow?

Mixture density is calculated using the densities and holdups of the individual phases involved in the flow. Signup and view all the answers

What are the three approaches proposed to determine the mixture viscosity in multiphase flow systems?

The three approaches are using liquid and gas viscosities, calculating the viscosity of water-oil mixtures, and considering the effects of immiscible liquids in some systems. Signup and view all the answers

How is mixture pressure drop calculated in multiphase flow systems?

Mixture pressure drop is calculated by replacing some variables in the general pressure drop equation with equivalent variables that consider the effects of multiphase flows. Signup and view all the answers

Why is predicting the enthalpy of a multiphase mixture necessary in temperature-change calculations for pipelines?

Predicting the enthalpy of a multiphase mixture is necessary to understand the thermal behavior of the flow and ensure accurate temperature-change calculations. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Natural Gas Engineering and Pipeline Gas Quality

Natural gas is often found in areas with no local market, so it must be gathered, processed, and transported over long distances through pipelines of varying sizes.
These pipelines can be hundreds of feet to hundreds of miles long, crossing undulating terrain with changing temperature conditions.
Liquid condensation commonly occurs in pipelines due to the multi-component nature of natural gas and its associated phase behavior.

Multiphase Flow and Pipeline Gas Quality

Multiphase transportation technology is crucial for developing marginal fields, allowing for economical transport of unprocessed well fluids through existing infrastructure.
This approach reduces capital and operational expenditures.
Predicting multiphase flow behavior and design variables is essential for optimal pipeline and downstream processing plant design.

Variables Used to Describe Multiphase Flow

Superficial velocity: the velocity of one phase of a multiphase flow, assuming that phase occupies the whole cross-section of the pipe.
Mixture velocity: the sum of superficial velocities.
Holdup: the cross-sectional area occupied by one of the phases of a multiphase flow, relative to the cross-sectional area of the pipe.
Phase velocity: the velocity of a phase of a multiphase flow based on the area of the pipe occupied by that phase.
Slip: the flow condition where phases have different phase velocities, resulting in slippage between phases.

Mixture Properties

Mixture density: the weighted average of the densities of the individual phases.
Mixture viscosity: can be calculated using various approaches, but no single correlation is universally applicable.

Pressure Drop in Multiphase Flow

The general pressure drop equation for multiphase flow is similar to that for single-phase flow, with equivalent variables that consider the effect of multiphase flow.
The equation includes terms for the pressure drop due to elevation, friction, and acceleration.

Codes and Standards for Piping

Various codes and standards are used in piping, including the Canadian Standards Association (CSA) and the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME).
ASME codes include Section I for power boilers, Section II for materials, and Section VIII for pressure vessels.

Pipe Manufacture and Materials

Pipes can be welded or seamless, and are made from materials such as low-carbon steel, alloy steel, and austenitic stainless steel.

Methods of Connecting Pipes

Pipes can be connected using screwed connections, flanged connections, or welded joints.
Flanged connections use flanges at the pipe ends, which are bolted together, usually with a gasket between the two faces.

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Description

Learn about the processing of natural gas, including pipeline gas quality and acid gas removal units, in this lecture from Alexandria University's Chemical Engineering Program.