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Questions and Answers
What is the formula to calculate the enthalpy of a multiphase mixture when enthalpies of the gas and liquid phases are expressed per unit mass?
What is the formula to calculate the enthalpy of a multiphase mixture when enthalpies of the gas and liquid phases are expressed per unit mass?
ℎ𝑀 = 𝐻𝐿 ℎ𝐿 + 1 − 𝐻𝐿 ℎ𝐺
Which standards are included in the ASME Pressure Piping Codes?
Which standards are included in the ASME Pressure Piping Codes?
Low carbon steel is recommended for use at temperatures above 400°C.
Low carbon steel is recommended for use at temperatures above 400°C.
False
The _ method can be used to join pipe lengths for sizes less than 100 mm for low and moderate pressures.
The _ method can be used to join pipe lengths for sizes less than 100 mm for low and moderate pressures.
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Match the types of pipe flanges with their corresponding descriptions:
Match the types of pipe flanges with their corresponding descriptions:
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What is the definition of superficial velocity in the context of multiphase flow?
What is the definition of superficial velocity in the context of multiphase flow?
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How is mixture velocity defined in multiphase flow?
How is mixture velocity defined in multiphase flow?
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What is holdup in the context of multiphase flow?
What is holdup in the context of multiphase flow?
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Define phase velocity in the context of multiphase flow.
Define phase velocity in the context of multiphase flow.
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What is slip in the context of multiphase flow?
What is slip in the context of multiphase flow?
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How is mixture density calculated in the analysis of multiphase flow?
How is mixture density calculated in the analysis of multiphase flow?
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What are the three approaches proposed to determine the mixture viscosity in multiphase flow systems?
What are the three approaches proposed to determine the mixture viscosity in multiphase flow systems?
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How is mixture pressure drop calculated in multiphase flow systems?
How is mixture pressure drop calculated in multiphase flow systems?
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Why is predicting the enthalpy of a multiphase mixture necessary in temperature-change calculations for pipelines?
Why is predicting the enthalpy of a multiphase mixture necessary in temperature-change calculations for pipelines?
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Study Notes
Natural Gas Engineering and Pipeline Gas Quality
- Natural gas is often found in areas with no local market, so it must be gathered, processed, and transported over long distances through pipelines of varying sizes.
- These pipelines can be hundreds of feet to hundreds of miles long, crossing undulating terrain with changing temperature conditions.
- Liquid condensation commonly occurs in pipelines due to the multi-component nature of natural gas and its associated phase behavior.
Multiphase Flow and Pipeline Gas Quality
- Multiphase transportation technology is crucial for developing marginal fields, allowing for economical transport of unprocessed well fluids through existing infrastructure.
- This approach reduces capital and operational expenditures.
- Predicting multiphase flow behavior and design variables is essential for optimal pipeline and downstream processing plant design.
Variables Used to Describe Multiphase Flow
- Superficial velocity: the velocity of one phase of a multiphase flow, assuming that phase occupies the whole cross-section of the pipe.
- Mixture velocity: the sum of superficial velocities.
- Holdup: the cross-sectional area occupied by one of the phases of a multiphase flow, relative to the cross-sectional area of the pipe.
- Phase velocity: the velocity of a phase of a multiphase flow based on the area of the pipe occupied by that phase.
- Slip: the flow condition where phases have different phase velocities, resulting in slippage between phases.
Mixture Properties
- Mixture density: the weighted average of the densities of the individual phases.
- Mixture viscosity: can be calculated using various approaches, but no single correlation is universally applicable.
Pressure Drop in Multiphase Flow
- The general pressure drop equation for multiphase flow is similar to that for single-phase flow, with equivalent variables that consider the effect of multiphase flow.
- The equation includes terms for the pressure drop due to elevation, friction, and acceleration.
Codes and Standards for Piping
- Various codes and standards are used in piping, including the Canadian Standards Association (CSA) and the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME).
- ASME codes include Section I for power boilers, Section II for materials, and Section VIII for pressure vessels.
Pipe Manufacture and Materials
- Pipes can be welded or seamless, and are made from materials such as low-carbon steel, alloy steel, and austenitic stainless steel.
Methods of Connecting Pipes
- Pipes can be connected using screwed connections, flanged connections, or welded joints.
- Flanged connections use flanges at the pipe ends, which are bolted together, usually with a gasket between the two faces.
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Description
Learn about the processing of natural gas, including pipeline gas quality and acid gas removal units, in this lecture from Alexandria University's Chemical Engineering Program.