Pioneers of X-Ray Technology
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Questions and Answers

Who is one of the authors of the book 'Patient Care in Radiography'?

Ruth Ann Ehrlich

What is the main focus of 'Patient Care in Radiography'?

  • Radiographic Techniques
  • Medical Imaging
  • Patient Care (correct)
  • Healthcare Management

    • Patient Care in Radiography is primarily centered on the well-being of radiographers.

    True

    Who is credited with the discovery of x-rays?

    <p>Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chapter 2 of the book contains new information about __________ radiography.

    <p>digital</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When and where were x-rays discovered?

    <p>November 8, 1895; University of Würzburg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen notice when he placed various materials between the Crookes tube and the fluorescent plate?

    <p>The plate fluoresced in relation to its distance from the tube, becoming brighter when the plate was moved closer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What material did Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen use to cover the Crookes tube in his initial experiment?

    <p>Black photographic paper</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the material used for the target in an x-ray tube, known for its high melting point?

    <p>tungsten</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When fast-moving electrons collide with the target in an x-ray tube, the kinetic energy of their motion is converted into _____ and x-rays.

    <p>heat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of radiation is ionizing because it has sufficient energy to remove an electron from an atomic orbit?

    <p>Gamma rays</p> Signup and view all the answers

    X-rays and visible light both travel in curved lines.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the imaginary perpendicular ray at the center of the x-ray beam called?

    <p>central ray</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the collimator in radiography?

    <p>To control the size of the radiation field</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the characteristics of primary radiation, scatter radiation, and remnant radiation?

    <p>Primary radiation leaves the tube and is not attenuated; Scatter radiation is created as a result of the attenuation of the primary beam; Remnant radiation is what remains of the primary beam after attenuation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the timer in a collimator?

    <p>To control the collimator light and turn it off after a certain length of time (usually 15 to 30 seconds)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The x-ray tube is located inside a protective __________ housing.

    <p>barrel-shaped</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Detents are mechanisms that stop a moving part in any location.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Grids and buckys are devices used to prevent scatter radiation from reaching the image receptor.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The grid is usually made of tissue-thin lead strips with _interspacing material.

    <p>radiolucent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following tube motions with their descriptions:

    <p>Longitudinal = Motion in the length of the table Transverse = Motion perpendicular to the length of the table Vertical = Upward or downward motion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who demonstrated the radiographic use of fluorescent screens?

    <p>Idvorsky Pupin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    H.C.Snook developed the interrupterless transformer for efficient use of electricity in radiography.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who invented the hot cathode x-ray tube to work with Snook's improved electrical supply?

    <p>William Coolidge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    William Coolidge designed the __________ tube.

    <p>hot cathode x-ray</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the individual with their contribution to radiography:

    <p>Thomas Edison = Invented the first fluoroscope Clarence Dally = Assistant who got severely burned during x-ray experiments George Eastman = Invented photographic film using cellulose nitrate William Coolidge = Designed the hot cathode x-ray tube</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the control console located?

    <p>control booth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What function does the 'Off/On' button on the control console serve?

    <p>Controls power to the control panel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who determines the exposure factors and initiates the exposure using the control console? The ______________ determines the exposure factors and initiates the exposure.

    <p>radiographer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fluoroscopy allows viewing of dynamic images and is usually performed by radiologists only, without the assistance of radiographers.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the x-ray pioneers with their contributions:

    <p>Snook = Invented the interrupterless transformer Eastman = Made the first x-ray film</p> Signup and view all the answers

    X-rays were discovered in 1895 in which country?

    <p>The United States</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who invented the hot cathode x-ray tube?

    <p>Coolidge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The majority of radiography education programs are based in/on:

    <p>Colleges</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a basic requirement for the production of x-rays?

    <p>A photostimulable phosphor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when fast-moving electrons collide with the target of an x-ray tube?

    <p>Their kinetic energy is converted into x-rays and heat.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the collimator in radiography?

    <p>To restrict the size of the x-ray beam</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the primary x-ray beam being attenuated by solid matter?

    <p>Production of scatter radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of fluorescent intensifying screens?

    <p>To reduce the quantity of radiation needed to produce images</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the size of the largest focal spot?

    <p>A few millimeters in diameter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of scatter radiation?

    <p>It has less energy than the primary x-ray beam</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the x-ray tube housing?

    <p>To protect the radiographer from radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the consequence of Clarence Dally serving as a subject for many of Edison’s x-ray experiments?

    <p>He had to undergo arm amputations due to radiation exposure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the conversion of kinetic energy into x-rays?

    <p>Production of x-rays</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the material used by George Eastman as a substitute for glass in photographic plates?

    <p>Cellulose nitrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has replaced the conventional use of film and intensifying screens?

    <p>Digital technology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why did manufacturers of photographic plates turn to George Eastman for help during World War I?

    <p>They couldn't obtain high-quality glass from suppliers in Belgium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the significance of Clarence Dally's death in 1904?

    <p>He was the first recorded x-ray fatality in the United States</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the impact of World War I on radiography education?

    <p>Colleges became involved in radiography education</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the consequence of radiation injuries, such as skin burns, hair loss, and anemia, appearing in doctors and patients?

    <p>Measures were taken to monitor and reduce radiation exposure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is credited with designing the hot cathode x-ray tube?

    <p>William Coolidge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was Roentgen's innovation in creating the first radiograph?

    <p>He used a glass plate coated with photographic emulsion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of scatter radiation in terms of its direction and control?

    <p>It has an unpredictable direction and is difficult to control.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the remnant radiation also known as?

    <p>Exit radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the tube housing in radiography?

    <p>To provide support and mobility for the tube</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the pattern of the radiographic image?

    <p>The pattern of density in the matter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of primary radiation in terms of energy?

    <p>It has more energy than the scatter radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the attenuation of the primary beam by matter?

    <p>The production of remnant radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the tube stand in radiography?

    <p>To provide support and mobility for the tube</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of remnant radiation in terms of its travel pattern?

    <p>It travels in all directions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the kinetic energy of fast-moving electrons colliding with the target in an x-ray tube?

    <p>production of x-rays and heat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the control console in radiography?

    <p>to determine exposure factors and initiate the exposure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of electromagnetic energy has the shortest wavelength?

    <p>Gamma rays</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a fluoroscope?

    <p>to view real-time x-ray images</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of OID in radiography?

    <p>Object-to-Image Distance, crucial for image quality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a collimator in radiography?

    <p>to control the x-ray beam</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the conversion of kinetic energy into x-rays?

    <p>production of heat and light</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of scatter radiation?

    <p>is deflected by solid matter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a fluoroscope?

    <p>To view and record x-ray images in motion in real time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the timer on the control console of an R/F unit?

    <p>To remind the radiologist to reduce fluoroscopy time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of an R/F unit over a basic radiography unit?

    <p>It can be used for both radiography and fluoroscopy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of 'spot films' in fluoroscopy?

    <p>To record the image as seen on the fluoroscope</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of using an image intensifier in fluoroscopy?

    <p>It reduces the radiation exposure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the radiologist during fluoroscopy?

    <p>To view and record x-ray images in motion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical duration of the timer on the control console of an R/F unit?

    <p>5 minutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of using an R/F unit over separate radiography and fluoroscopy units?

    <p>It is more convenient because it can be used for both radiography and fluoroscopy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Introduction to Radiography

    History of Radiography

    • Discovery of X-Rays by Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen in 1895
      • Röntgen discovered X-Rays on November 8, 1895, in Würzburg, Germany
    • X-Ray Pioneers:
      • Working with Röntgen, Wilhelm Jaeger developed the first X-Ray detector
      • Antoine Henri Becquerel discovered radioactivity in 1896
      • Pierre and Marie Curie isolated radioactive elements in 1898
    • Early Radiographers:
      • Dr. Emil Grubbé, first to use X-Rays in medical practice
      • Dr. John T. MacIntyre, first to demonstrate X-Rays in Scotland
    • Radiography Education:
      • First radiography course established in 1903 at the University of Pennsylvania

    Overview of Radiographic Procedure

    • Four essentials for producing X-Rays:
      1. X-Ray tube
      2. X-Ray generator
      3. Control console
      4. Image receptor

    X-Ray Production

    • Electromagnetic energy
      • Types: radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-Rays, gamma rays
    • Characteristics of Radiation:
      • Wavelength, frequency, and velocity
      • Velocity is a constant (approximately 300,000 km/s)
    • Scattering of X-Rays:
      • Coherent scattering (no energy transfer)
      • Compton scattering (partial energy transfer)
    • Primary X-Ray Beam:
      • Produced in the X-Ray tube
      • Characteristics: high energy, directional, and intense
    • Scatter Radiation:
      • Produced by interactions with matter
      • Characteristics: low energy, non-directional, and less intense

    Radiographic Equipment

    • X-Ray Tube:
      • Consists of filament, cathode, anode, and target
      • Produces X-Rays through electron acceleration
    • X-Ray Tube Support:
      • Collimator: regulates X-Ray beam size and shape
      • Grid: reduces scatter radiation
      • Bucky: grid in a moving grid device
    • Radiographic Table:
      • Adjustable for patient comfort and imaging
    • Control Console:
      • Regulates X-Ray production and exposure factors
    • Fluoroscopy:
      • Real-time imaging for guiding procedures
      • Fluoroscope: consists of image intensifier and image receptor### Introduction to Radiography
    • Medical imaging department guided by learning through a series of layers, with each layer building upon previous knowledge and experience.
    • Radiography education involves learning topics in a spiral manner, with each subsequent layer providing a deeper understanding of the subject.

    Discovery of X-Rays

    • Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen, a German physicist, discovered x-rays on November 8, 1895, while working with a Crookes tube at the University of Würzburg.
    • Roentgen noticed that a plate coated with barium platinocyanide crystals began to glow when placed near the Crookes tube, even though the tube was shielded by black photographic paper.
    • Roentgen identified the properties of x-rays, including their ability to penetrate solid objects, and was awarded the first Nobel Prize in Physics in 1901.

    X-Ray Pioneers

    • Early radiography pioneers, such as Thomas Edison, experimented with x-rays and developed the first fluoroscope.
    • Idvorsky Pupin demonstrated the use of fluorescent screens to create visible images.
    • William Coolidge designed the hot cathode x-ray tube in 1910, which became the prototype for modern x-ray tubes.

    Early Radiographers

    • The first radiographers were physicists who learned to operate Crookes tubes and generate x-rays.
    • Physicians learned to take radiographs and developed techniques to demonstrate various anatomic structures.
    • Assistants to physicians became skilled in radiography and were called x-ray technicians.

    Radiography Education

    • On-the-job training of x-ray technicians in hospitals evolved into hospital-based educational programs.
    • Formal classes and clinical experience were combined to provide students with the knowledge and skills needed to take radiographs and assist with radiation therapy.
    • As the fields of diagnostic and therapeutic radiology became more complex, education for radiographers became more specialized.

    Overview of Radiographic Procedure

    • Educational preparation provides radiographers with the necessary knowledge and skills to obtain a patient's radiographic images.
    • Radiographers position the patient's anatomic area of interest over the image receptor (IR) and adjust the x-ray tube to align the x-ray beam with the IR.
    • During the exposure, x-rays pass through the patient, and the resulting pattern of varying intensity is recorded on the IR.

    X-Ray Production

    • Four basic requirements for x-ray production:
      • A vacuum
      • A source of electrons
      • A target for the electrons
      • A high potential difference (voltage) between the electron source and the target
    • The x-ray tube, also known as the glass envelope, is evacuated to remove air molecules that could interfere with x-ray production.
    • The source of electrons is a wire filament at the cathode end of the tube, which is heated to produce an electron cloud.
    • The target is at the anode end of the tube, where the electrons collide and produce x-rays.

    Electromagnetic Energy

    • X-rays are a type of electromagnetic energy, or electromagnetic wave radiation.
    • Electromagnetic energy has both electrical and magnetic properties.
    • Characteristics of x-rays include:
      • Amplitude: the height of the wave
      • Wavelength: the distance between crests of the wave
      • Frequency: the number of times per second that a crest passes a given point### Electromagnetic Spectrum
    • The electromagnetic spectrum includes x-rays, gamma rays, visible light, ultraviolet rays, infrared rays, television, radio, and radar
    • The frequency of a wave is inversely proportional to its wavelength (v = λ × f)
    • The energy of a wave increases with its frequency and decreases with its wavelength
    • Ionizing radiation has a wavelength shorter than 1 nm and can remove an electron from an atomic orbit
    • X-rays are a type of ionizing radiation with a wavelength between 0.01 and 10 nm

    X-ray Characteristics

    • X-rays travel in straight lines and have a biologic effect
    • X-rays cause changes in living organisms, but their effects are not directly detectable by the human senses
    • X-rays can penetrate matter, but their penetration is differential, depending on the density and thickness of the matter
    • X-rays can cause certain crystals to fluoresce, producing light

    Primary X-ray Beam

    • The primary x-ray beam is formed within a very small area on the target (anode) called the focal spot
    • The x-ray beam diverges into space, forming a cone-shaped beam
    • The cross section of the x-ray beam at the point where it is used is called the radiation field
    • A photon in the center of the primary beam is called the central ray

    Scatter Radiation

    • Scatter radiation is formed when the primary x-ray beam interacts with matter
    • Scatter radiation has less energy than the primary x-ray beam and is not as easily controlled
    • Scatter radiation is the principal source of occupational exposure to radiographers

    Radiographic Equipment

    • X-ray rooms vary in design, depending on their purpose
    • A typical room designed for general radiography has a radiographic table, an x-ray tube and its support system, an upright IR cabinet, and a shielded control booth
    • The x-ray tube is the source of the radiation
    • Modern multipurpose x-ray tubes are dual focus tubes with two filaments, one large and one small
    • The large filament provides more electrons and is used for larger exposures, while the small filament provides finer image detail

    X-ray Tube Housing

    • The x-ray tube is located inside a protective barrel-shaped housing
    • The housing incorporates shielding that absorbs radiation that is not part of the useful x-ray beam
    • The housing protects and insulates the x-ray tube while providing a base for the attachments that allow the radiographer to manipulate the x-ray tube and control the size and shape of the x-ray beam

    X-ray Tube Support

    • The tube housing can be attached to a ceiling-mounted tube hanger or mounted on a tube stand
    • The tube support provides support and mobility for the tube
    • The tube support can be moved in various directions, including longitudinal, transverse, and vertical motions

    Collimator

    • A collimator is a boxlike device attached to the tube housing
    • The collimator allows the radiographer to vary the size of the radiation field and to indicate the size, location, and center of the field with a light beam

    X-Ray Tubes

    • William Coolidge designed the hot cathode x-ray tube in 1910, which became the prototype for modern x-ray tubes.
    • The Coolidge tube introduced improved electrical supply and was the first x-ray tube to work with Snook's improved electrical supply.

    Radiation Injuries

    • Early in the 20th century, radiation injuries such as skin burns, hair loss, and anemia began to appear in both doctors and patients.
    • Measures were taken to monitor and reduce exposures, a process that is still ongoing.

    Radiography Education

    • Colleges were first involved in radiography education because hospital-based radiography programs took advantage of the academic offerings at local colleges.
    • Radiography students often attended college part-time to learn basic science subjects such as anatomy and physiology.

    X-Ray Beam

    • X-rays are formed within a very small area on the target (anode) called a focal spot.
    • The actual size of the largest focal spot is no more than a few millimeters in diameter.
    • From the focal spot, the x-rays diverge into space, forming a beam that can be restricted by the size of the port.

    Scatter Radiation

    • Scatter radiation is created as a result of the attenuation of the primary x-ray beam by matter.
    • It has less energy than the primary x-ray beam and is not as easily controlled.
    • Scatter radiation emanates from the source (usually the patient) in all directions, causing unwanted exposure to the image receptor and posing a radiation hazard to anyone in the room.

    Remnant Radiation

    • Remnant radiation is what remains of the primary beam after it has been attenuated by matter.
    • Its travel pattern is a continuation of the primary beam.
    • Because the pattern of densities in the matter results in differential absorption, this pattern creates the radiographic image.

    X-Ray Tube Support

    • The tube housing can be attached to a ceiling-mounted tube hanger or mounted on a tube stand.
    • Both types of mountings provide support and mobility for the tube.

    Fluoroscopy

    • A fluoroscope is an x-ray machine designed for direct viewing of the x-ray image.
    • The control console of an R/F unit is more complex than that of a basic radiography unit.
    • The radiologist activates the fluoroscope intermittently during an examination.
    • When the fluoroscope is activated, a timer on the control advances and an alarm sounds after a preset period, usually 5 minutes.

    Image Quality Factors

    • OID (Object/Image Distance) is significant with respect to radiographic quality.
    • OID affects the magnification of the image and therefore its quality.

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