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Questions and Answers
Who is one of the authors of the book 'Patient Care in Radiography'?
Who is one of the authors of the book 'Patient Care in Radiography'?
Ruth Ann Ehrlich
What is the main focus of 'Patient Care in Radiography'?
What is the main focus of 'Patient Care in Radiography'?
Patient Care in Radiography is primarily centered on the well-being of radiographers.
Patient Care in Radiography is primarily centered on the well-being of radiographers.
True
Who is credited with the discovery of x-rays?
Who is credited with the discovery of x-rays?
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Chapter 2 of the book contains new information about __________ radiography.
Chapter 2 of the book contains new information about __________ radiography.
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When and where were x-rays discovered?
When and where were x-rays discovered?
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What did Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen notice when he placed various materials between the Crookes tube and the fluorescent plate?
What did Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen notice when he placed various materials between the Crookes tube and the fluorescent plate?
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What material did Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen use to cover the Crookes tube in his initial experiment?
What material did Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen use to cover the Crookes tube in his initial experiment?
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What is the material used for the target in an x-ray tube, known for its high melting point?
What is the material used for the target in an x-ray tube, known for its high melting point?
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When fast-moving electrons collide with the target in an x-ray tube, the kinetic energy of their motion is converted into _____ and x-rays.
When fast-moving electrons collide with the target in an x-ray tube, the kinetic energy of their motion is converted into _____ and x-rays.
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Which type of radiation is ionizing because it has sufficient energy to remove an electron from an atomic orbit?
Which type of radiation is ionizing because it has sufficient energy to remove an electron from an atomic orbit?
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X-rays and visible light both travel in curved lines.
X-rays and visible light both travel in curved lines.
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What is the imaginary perpendicular ray at the center of the x-ray beam called?
What is the imaginary perpendicular ray at the center of the x-ray beam called?
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What is the purpose of the collimator in radiography?
What is the purpose of the collimator in radiography?
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What are the characteristics of primary radiation, scatter radiation, and remnant radiation?
What are the characteristics of primary radiation, scatter radiation, and remnant radiation?
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What is the function of the timer in a collimator?
What is the function of the timer in a collimator?
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The x-ray tube is located inside a protective __________ housing.
The x-ray tube is located inside a protective __________ housing.
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Detents are mechanisms that stop a moving part in any location.
Detents are mechanisms that stop a moving part in any location.
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Grids and buckys are devices used to prevent scatter radiation from reaching the image receptor.
Grids and buckys are devices used to prevent scatter radiation from reaching the image receptor.
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The grid is usually made of tissue-thin lead strips with _interspacing material.
The grid is usually made of tissue-thin lead strips with _interspacing material.
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Match the following tube motions with their descriptions:
Match the following tube motions with their descriptions:
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Who demonstrated the radiographic use of fluorescent screens?
Who demonstrated the radiographic use of fluorescent screens?
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H.C.Snook developed the interrupterless transformer for efficient use of electricity in radiography.
H.C.Snook developed the interrupterless transformer for efficient use of electricity in radiography.
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Who invented the hot cathode x-ray tube to work with Snook's improved electrical supply?
Who invented the hot cathode x-ray tube to work with Snook's improved electrical supply?
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William Coolidge designed the __________ tube.
William Coolidge designed the __________ tube.
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Match the individual with their contribution to radiography:
Match the individual with their contribution to radiography:
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Where is the control console located?
Where is the control console located?
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What function does the 'Off/On' button on the control console serve?
What function does the 'Off/On' button on the control console serve?
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Who determines the exposure factors and initiates the exposure using the control console? The ______________ determines the exposure factors and initiates the exposure.
Who determines the exposure factors and initiates the exposure using the control console? The ______________ determines the exposure factors and initiates the exposure.
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Fluoroscopy allows viewing of dynamic images and is usually performed by radiologists only, without the assistance of radiographers.
Fluoroscopy allows viewing of dynamic images and is usually performed by radiologists only, without the assistance of radiographers.
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Match the x-ray pioneers with their contributions:
Match the x-ray pioneers with their contributions:
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X-rays were discovered in 1895 in which country?
X-rays were discovered in 1895 in which country?
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Who invented the hot cathode x-ray tube?
Who invented the hot cathode x-ray tube?
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The majority of radiography education programs are based in/on:
The majority of radiography education programs are based in/on:
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Which of the following is not a basic requirement for the production of x-rays?
Which of the following is not a basic requirement for the production of x-rays?
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What happens when fast-moving electrons collide with the target of an x-ray tube?
What happens when fast-moving electrons collide with the target of an x-ray tube?
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What is the purpose of the collimator in radiography?
What is the purpose of the collimator in radiography?
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What is the result of the primary x-ray beam being attenuated by solid matter?
What is the result of the primary x-ray beam being attenuated by solid matter?
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What is the purpose of fluorescent intensifying screens?
What is the purpose of fluorescent intensifying screens?
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What is the size of the largest focal spot?
What is the size of the largest focal spot?
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What is the characteristic of scatter radiation?
What is the characteristic of scatter radiation?
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What is the purpose of the x-ray tube housing?
What is the purpose of the x-ray tube housing?
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What was the consequence of Clarence Dally serving as a subject for many of Edison’s x-ray experiments?
What was the consequence of Clarence Dally serving as a subject for many of Edison’s x-ray experiments?
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What is the result of the conversion of kinetic energy into x-rays?
What is the result of the conversion of kinetic energy into x-rays?
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What was the material used by George Eastman as a substitute for glass in photographic plates?
What was the material used by George Eastman as a substitute for glass in photographic plates?
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What has replaced the conventional use of film and intensifying screens?
What has replaced the conventional use of film and intensifying screens?
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Why did manufacturers of photographic plates turn to George Eastman for help during World War I?
Why did manufacturers of photographic plates turn to George Eastman for help during World War I?
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What was the significance of Clarence Dally's death in 1904?
What was the significance of Clarence Dally's death in 1904?
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What was the impact of World War I on radiography education?
What was the impact of World War I on radiography education?
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What was the consequence of radiation injuries, such as skin burns, hair loss, and anemia, appearing in doctors and patients?
What was the consequence of radiation injuries, such as skin burns, hair loss, and anemia, appearing in doctors and patients?
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Who is credited with designing the hot cathode x-ray tube?
Who is credited with designing the hot cathode x-ray tube?
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What was Roentgen's innovation in creating the first radiograph?
What was Roentgen's innovation in creating the first radiograph?
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What is the characteristic of scatter radiation in terms of its direction and control?
What is the characteristic of scatter radiation in terms of its direction and control?
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What is the remnant radiation also known as?
What is the remnant radiation also known as?
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What is the purpose of the tube housing in radiography?
What is the purpose of the tube housing in radiography?
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What determines the pattern of the radiographic image?
What determines the pattern of the radiographic image?
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What is the characteristic of primary radiation in terms of energy?
What is the characteristic of primary radiation in terms of energy?
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What is the result of the attenuation of the primary beam by matter?
What is the result of the attenuation of the primary beam by matter?
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What is the purpose of the tube stand in radiography?
What is the purpose of the tube stand in radiography?
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What is the characteristic of remnant radiation in terms of its travel pattern?
What is the characteristic of remnant radiation in terms of its travel pattern?
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What is the result of the kinetic energy of fast-moving electrons colliding with the target in an x-ray tube?
What is the result of the kinetic energy of fast-moving electrons colliding with the target in an x-ray tube?
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What is the function of the control console in radiography?
What is the function of the control console in radiography?
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What type of electromagnetic energy has the shortest wavelength?
What type of electromagnetic energy has the shortest wavelength?
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What is the purpose of a fluoroscope?
What is the purpose of a fluoroscope?
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What is the significance of OID in radiography?
What is the significance of OID in radiography?
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What is the purpose of a collimator in radiography?
What is the purpose of a collimator in radiography?
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What is the result of the conversion of kinetic energy into x-rays?
What is the result of the conversion of kinetic energy into x-rays?
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What is the characteristic of scatter radiation?
What is the characteristic of scatter radiation?
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What is the primary function of a fluoroscope?
What is the primary function of a fluoroscope?
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What is the purpose of the timer on the control console of an R/F unit?
What is the purpose of the timer on the control console of an R/F unit?
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What is the advantage of an R/F unit over a basic radiography unit?
What is the advantage of an R/F unit over a basic radiography unit?
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What is the purpose of 'spot films' in fluoroscopy?
What is the purpose of 'spot films' in fluoroscopy?
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What is the benefit of using an image intensifier in fluoroscopy?
What is the benefit of using an image intensifier in fluoroscopy?
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What is the function of the radiologist during fluoroscopy?
What is the function of the radiologist during fluoroscopy?
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What is the typical duration of the timer on the control console of an R/F unit?
What is the typical duration of the timer on the control console of an R/F unit?
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What is the advantage of using an R/F unit over separate radiography and fluoroscopy units?
What is the advantage of using an R/F unit over separate radiography and fluoroscopy units?
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Study Notes
Introduction to Radiography
History of Radiography
- Discovery of X-Rays by Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen in 1895
- Röntgen discovered X-Rays on November 8, 1895, in Würzburg, Germany
- X-Ray Pioneers:
- Working with Röntgen, Wilhelm Jaeger developed the first X-Ray detector
- Antoine Henri Becquerel discovered radioactivity in 1896
- Pierre and Marie Curie isolated radioactive elements in 1898
- Early Radiographers:
- Dr. Emil Grubbé, first to use X-Rays in medical practice
- Dr. John T. MacIntyre, first to demonstrate X-Rays in Scotland
- Radiography Education:
- First radiography course established in 1903 at the University of Pennsylvania
Overview of Radiographic Procedure
- Four essentials for producing X-Rays:
- X-Ray tube
- X-Ray generator
- Control console
- Image receptor
X-Ray Production
- Electromagnetic energy
- Types: radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-Rays, gamma rays
- Characteristics of Radiation:
- Wavelength, frequency, and velocity
- Velocity is a constant (approximately 300,000 km/s)
- Scattering of X-Rays:
- Coherent scattering (no energy transfer)
- Compton scattering (partial energy transfer)
- Primary X-Ray Beam:
- Produced in the X-Ray tube
- Characteristics: high energy, directional, and intense
- Scatter Radiation:
- Produced by interactions with matter
- Characteristics: low energy, non-directional, and less intense
Radiographic Equipment
- X-Ray Tube:
- Consists of filament, cathode, anode, and target
- Produces X-Rays through electron acceleration
- X-Ray Tube Support:
- Collimator: regulates X-Ray beam size and shape
- Grid: reduces scatter radiation
- Bucky: grid in a moving grid device
- Radiographic Table:
- Adjustable for patient comfort and imaging
- Control Console:
- Regulates X-Ray production and exposure factors
- Fluoroscopy:
- Real-time imaging for guiding procedures
- Fluoroscope: consists of image intensifier and image receptor### Introduction to Radiography
- Medical imaging department guided by learning through a series of layers, with each layer building upon previous knowledge and experience.
- Radiography education involves learning topics in a spiral manner, with each subsequent layer providing a deeper understanding of the subject.
Discovery of X-Rays
- Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen, a German physicist, discovered x-rays on November 8, 1895, while working with a Crookes tube at the University of Würzburg.
- Roentgen noticed that a plate coated with barium platinocyanide crystals began to glow when placed near the Crookes tube, even though the tube was shielded by black photographic paper.
- Roentgen identified the properties of x-rays, including their ability to penetrate solid objects, and was awarded the first Nobel Prize in Physics in 1901.
X-Ray Pioneers
- Early radiography pioneers, such as Thomas Edison, experimented with x-rays and developed the first fluoroscope.
- Idvorsky Pupin demonstrated the use of fluorescent screens to create visible images.
- William Coolidge designed the hot cathode x-ray tube in 1910, which became the prototype for modern x-ray tubes.
Early Radiographers
- The first radiographers were physicists who learned to operate Crookes tubes and generate x-rays.
- Physicians learned to take radiographs and developed techniques to demonstrate various anatomic structures.
- Assistants to physicians became skilled in radiography and were called x-ray technicians.
Radiography Education
- On-the-job training of x-ray technicians in hospitals evolved into hospital-based educational programs.
- Formal classes and clinical experience were combined to provide students with the knowledge and skills needed to take radiographs and assist with radiation therapy.
- As the fields of diagnostic and therapeutic radiology became more complex, education for radiographers became more specialized.
Overview of Radiographic Procedure
- Educational preparation provides radiographers with the necessary knowledge and skills to obtain a patient's radiographic images.
- Radiographers position the patient's anatomic area of interest over the image receptor (IR) and adjust the x-ray tube to align the x-ray beam with the IR.
- During the exposure, x-rays pass through the patient, and the resulting pattern of varying intensity is recorded on the IR.
X-Ray Production
- Four basic requirements for x-ray production:
- A vacuum
- A source of electrons
- A target for the electrons
- A high potential difference (voltage) between the electron source and the target
- The x-ray tube, also known as the glass envelope, is evacuated to remove air molecules that could interfere with x-ray production.
- The source of electrons is a wire filament at the cathode end of the tube, which is heated to produce an electron cloud.
- The target is at the anode end of the tube, where the electrons collide and produce x-rays.
Electromagnetic Energy
- X-rays are a type of electromagnetic energy, or electromagnetic wave radiation.
- Electromagnetic energy has both electrical and magnetic properties.
- Characteristics of x-rays include:
- Amplitude: the height of the wave
- Wavelength: the distance between crests of the wave
- Frequency: the number of times per second that a crest passes a given point### Electromagnetic Spectrum
- The electromagnetic spectrum includes x-rays, gamma rays, visible light, ultraviolet rays, infrared rays, television, radio, and radar
- The frequency of a wave is inversely proportional to its wavelength (v = λ × f)
- The energy of a wave increases with its frequency and decreases with its wavelength
- Ionizing radiation has a wavelength shorter than 1 nm and can remove an electron from an atomic orbit
- X-rays are a type of ionizing radiation with a wavelength between 0.01 and 10 nm
X-ray Characteristics
- X-rays travel in straight lines and have a biologic effect
- X-rays cause changes in living organisms, but their effects are not directly detectable by the human senses
- X-rays can penetrate matter, but their penetration is differential, depending on the density and thickness of the matter
- X-rays can cause certain crystals to fluoresce, producing light
Primary X-ray Beam
- The primary x-ray beam is formed within a very small area on the target (anode) called the focal spot
- The x-ray beam diverges into space, forming a cone-shaped beam
- The cross section of the x-ray beam at the point where it is used is called the radiation field
- A photon in the center of the primary beam is called the central ray
Scatter Radiation
- Scatter radiation is formed when the primary x-ray beam interacts with matter
- Scatter radiation has less energy than the primary x-ray beam and is not as easily controlled
- Scatter radiation is the principal source of occupational exposure to radiographers
Radiographic Equipment
- X-ray rooms vary in design, depending on their purpose
- A typical room designed for general radiography has a radiographic table, an x-ray tube and its support system, an upright IR cabinet, and a shielded control booth
- The x-ray tube is the source of the radiation
- Modern multipurpose x-ray tubes are dual focus tubes with two filaments, one large and one small
- The large filament provides more electrons and is used for larger exposures, while the small filament provides finer image detail
X-ray Tube Housing
- The x-ray tube is located inside a protective barrel-shaped housing
- The housing incorporates shielding that absorbs radiation that is not part of the useful x-ray beam
- The housing protects and insulates the x-ray tube while providing a base for the attachments that allow the radiographer to manipulate the x-ray tube and control the size and shape of the x-ray beam
X-ray Tube Support
- The tube housing can be attached to a ceiling-mounted tube hanger or mounted on a tube stand
- The tube support provides support and mobility for the tube
- The tube support can be moved in various directions, including longitudinal, transverse, and vertical motions
Collimator
- A collimator is a boxlike device attached to the tube housing
- The collimator allows the radiographer to vary the size of the radiation field and to indicate the size, location, and center of the field with a light beam
X-Ray Tubes
- William Coolidge designed the hot cathode x-ray tube in 1910, which became the prototype for modern x-ray tubes.
- The Coolidge tube introduced improved electrical supply and was the first x-ray tube to work with Snook's improved electrical supply.
Radiation Injuries
- Early in the 20th century, radiation injuries such as skin burns, hair loss, and anemia began to appear in both doctors and patients.
- Measures were taken to monitor and reduce exposures, a process that is still ongoing.
Radiography Education
- Colleges were first involved in radiography education because hospital-based radiography programs took advantage of the academic offerings at local colleges.
- Radiography students often attended college part-time to learn basic science subjects such as anatomy and physiology.
X-Ray Beam
- X-rays are formed within a very small area on the target (anode) called a focal spot.
- The actual size of the largest focal spot is no more than a few millimeters in diameter.
- From the focal spot, the x-rays diverge into space, forming a beam that can be restricted by the size of the port.
Scatter Radiation
- Scatter radiation is created as a result of the attenuation of the primary x-ray beam by matter.
- It has less energy than the primary x-ray beam and is not as easily controlled.
- Scatter radiation emanates from the source (usually the patient) in all directions, causing unwanted exposure to the image receptor and posing a radiation hazard to anyone in the room.
Remnant Radiation
- Remnant radiation is what remains of the primary beam after it has been attenuated by matter.
- Its travel pattern is a continuation of the primary beam.
- Because the pattern of densities in the matter results in differential absorption, this pattern creates the radiographic image.
X-Ray Tube Support
- The tube housing can be attached to a ceiling-mounted tube hanger or mounted on a tube stand.
- Both types of mountings provide support and mobility for the tube.
Fluoroscopy
- A fluoroscope is an x-ray machine designed for direct viewing of the x-ray image.
- The control console of an R/F unit is more complex than that of a basic radiography unit.
- The radiologist activates the fluoroscope intermittently during an examination.
- When the fluoroscope is activated, a timer on the control advances and an alarm sounds after a preset period, usually 5 minutes.
Image Quality Factors
- OID (Object/Image Distance) is significant with respect to radiographic quality.
- OID affects the magnification of the image and therefore its quality.
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Description
Learn about the pioneers of X-ray technology, including Idvorsky Pupin and Thomas Edison, who made significant contributions to the development of radiography.
