Questions and Answers
What are the three types of aviation products the FAA certifies?
Aircraft, aircraft engines, and propellers
What are airworthiness standards?
Developed to help ensure that aviation products are designed with no unsafe features.
What is a Type Certificate?
Specifies the important design and operational characteristics of the aircraft, aircraft engine, or propeller.
What is standard airworthiness?
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What is special airworthiness?
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What are the four forces that act upon an aircraft in relation to straight and level, unaccelerated flights?
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What is thrust?
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What is drag?
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What is weight?
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What is lift?
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What is a fuselage?
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What are wings?
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What are ailerons?
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What are flaps?
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What are trim tabs?
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What does an empennage consist of?
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What is the rudder?
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What is landing gear?
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What is the powerplant?
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What does the engine do?
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What does the propeller do?
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What does AOA stand for?
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What are the subcomponents of an airplane?
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What is the airframe?
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What is the primary function of an aircraft electrical system?
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What are flight controls?
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What do aircraft brakes consist of?
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What is a truss structure?
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What is a monocoque structure?
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What is a semi monocoque structure?
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In 2005, what percentage of new aircraft were constructed of composite materials?
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What are composite materials?
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What are the most common reinforcing fibers in an aircraft?
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What are the advantages of composites?
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What are the disadvantages of composites?
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What happens when an airplane is struck by lightning?
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What are performance instruments?
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What are control instruments?
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What are navigation instruments?
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What is the Global Positioning System?
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Study Notes
Aviation Product Certification
- FAA certifies three types of aviation products: aircraft, aircraft engines, and propellers.
- Airworthiness standards ensure aviation products are designed to minimize unsafe features.
Type Certificates
- A Type Certificate includes a data sheet that outlines key design and operational characteristics of certified aviation products.
Airworthiness Certificates
- Standard airworthiness certificates are white and issued for normal, utility, acrobatic, commuter, or transport category aircraft.
- Special airworthiness certificates are pink and issued for restricted, limited category aircraft, and light sport aircraft.
Forces Acting on Aircraft
- Four forces act during straight and level, unaccelerated flight: thrust, lift, weight, and drag.
- Thrust is the forward force from the power plant/propeller and counters drag.
- Drag is the rearward force that opposes thrust, caused by airflow disruption.
- Weight is the gravitational force pulling the aircraft downward, including all loads.
- Lift counteracts weight and arises from dynamic airflow over the wings.
Aircraft Structure Components
- The fuselage is the central body designed for crew, passengers, and cargo.
- Wings are the primary lifting surfaces essential for flight.
- Ailerons are wing control surfaces that facilitate rolling motion.
- Flaps increase lift for takeoffs and landings by moving downwards.
- Trim tabs are small surfaces that reduce control pressure on larger control surfaces.
Tail Section and Landing Gear
- The empennage includes the rudder, elevator, and trim tabs, controlling yaw and pitch.
- The rudder moves the aircraft's nose left and right during flight.
- Landing gear supports the aircraft on the ground during various phases of operation.
Powerplant and Propeller
- The powerplant consists of the engine and propeller.
- The engine provides power for the propeller and generates electrical and vacuum power.
- The propeller converts engine rotation into thrust, propelling the aircraft forward.
Aircraft Subcomponents
- An airplane's subcomponents include the airframe, electrical system, flight controls, and brakes.
- The airframe withstands aerodynamic forces and supports the weight of the aircraft.
Aircraft Electrical System
- The primary function of the electrical system is to generate, regulate, and distribute electrical power.
Flight Controls and Braking System
- Flight controls manage altitude and aircraft flight path.
- The braking system consists of caliper pads and rotors that engage to decelerate the aircraft.
Structural Types
- Truss structure utilizes welded tubing to form a stiff framework.
- Monocoque structure uses stressed skin to bear loads, akin to an aluminum can.
- Semi-monocoque structure combines substructure elements with stressed skin for added support.
Composite Materials
- In 2005, over 35% of newly constructed aircraft utilized composite materials, known for their lighter weight.
- Common reinforcing fibers in aircraft construction include fiberglass and carbon fiber.
- Advantages of composites include reduced weight, but they lack visible damage indicators.
Lightning Strikes on Aircraft
- Lightning strikes deliver significant energy that needs to be dissipated over a large area to prevent damage.
Instrumentation
- Performance instruments (altimeter, airspeed indicator, etc.) reveal the aircraft's performance metrics.
- Control instruments display immediate attitude and power changes in precise increments.
- Navigation instruments help ascertain the aircraft's position relative to navigation facilities.
- The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite-based navigation system developed by the U.S. Department of Defense.
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Test your knowledge on Chapter 3 of the Pilots Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge. This quiz covers key concepts like FAA certifications and airworthiness standards. Perfect for aspiring pilots looking to deepen their understanding of aviation regulations.