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Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development
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Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development

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Questions and Answers

What is the main theme in understanding human development?

  • Continuity and change
  • Transition and stagnation
  • Stagnation and change
  • Transition and continuity (correct)
  • During which stage of prenatal development does the risk of environmental factors affecting the fetus increase?

  • Embryonic stage
  • Germinal stage
  • Fetal stage (correct)
  • Infancy stage
  • What direction does motor development follow in childhood?

  • Outward-inward direction
  • Foot-to-head direction
  • Centre-outward direction
  • Head-to-foot direction (correct)
  • What percentage of children are classified as 'Easy' in terms of temperament?

    <p>40%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of Bowlby's attachment theory?

    <p>Infant and caregiver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the age range when separation anxiety typically peaks?

    <p>14-18 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the sudden burst of growth accompanied by restlessness and irritability in childhood?

    <p>Growth spurt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Harlow's substitute mothers experiment known for?

    <p>Contact comfort</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage of children classified as 'Difficult' in terms of temperament?

    <p>10%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary assumption of Bowlby's attachment theory?

    <p>Attachment is biologically programmed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cognitive Development

    • Piaget's stages: sensorimotor (birth to 2), preoperational (2-7), concrete operational (7-11), and formal operational (11+)
    • Preoperational: improve use of mental images, no mastery of conservation, centration, irreversibility, egocentrism, and animism
    • Concrete operational: ability to perform operations, masters reversibility and decentration, decline of egocentrism, and gradual mastery of conservation
    • Formal operational: abstract concepts and systematic problem-solving

    Neo-Piagetian Theories

    • M-capacity and staircase model

    Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory

    • Importance of social interaction
    • Role of language acquisition
    • Zone of proximal development (ZPD)
    • Scaffolding

    Critical Periods of Development

    • Sensitive or optimal period (critical period)
    • Six-month threshold (in Romanian study)

    What do Children Understand about the Mind?

    • Before age 4, don't understand concept of false beliefs or motivations for behaviors
    • Copy → interpretive theory of mind
    • Autistic children: patterns of attachment

    Patterns of Attachments

    • Secure
    • Anxious-ambivalent
    • Avoidant
    • Disorganized-disoriented

    Effects of Secure Attachment

    • Resilient, competent toddlers with high self-esteem
    • Display more persistence, curiosity, self-reliance, and leadership and better peer relationships
    • More advanced cognitive development

    Bonding

    • At birth: skin-to-skin contact ("magic moment")
    • Day care: heated debate

    Culture and Attachment

    • Emergence of separation anxiety seems universal
    • But rates of secure vs. anxious-ambivalent vs. avoidant attachments vary by culture (e.g., Germany and Japan)
    • Attributed to variations in child-rearing practices (e.g., Germans encourage independence unlike Japanese)

    Personality Development

    • Erikson’s Stage Theory: eight stages, each based upon a psychosocial crisis
    • Key is how are these crises dealt with

    Cognitive Development

    • Embryological parallelism: "Does ontogeny recapitulate phylogeny?"
    • Suggests common ancestry and so common development

    Intellectual Development

    • Piaget’s Stage Theory: four major stages

    Human Development

    • Development is the sequence of age-related changes that occur as a person progresses from conception to death
    • An orderly, cumulative process
    • Two Themes: transition and continuity
    • Look at how people evolve through transitions over time
    • Try to understand continuity with the past

    Prenatal Development

    • Germinal stage
    • Embryonic stage
    • Fetal stage
    • Environmental Factors: Maternal drug use; Maternal illness; and Maternal nutrition

    Childhood

    • Motor development: head-to-foot direction (cephalocaudal trend) and centre-outward direction (proximodal trend)
    • Sudden burst of growth accompanies by restlessness and irritability
    • Attributed mostly to maturation
    • Developmental norms and benchmarks
    • Individuals vary and so do cultures
    • But great similarity in sequence and timing of motor development

    Temperament

    • Refers to characteristic mood, activity level, and emotional reactivity
    • Considerable variation
    • Longitudinal studies (Fels Institute followed individuals from birth to death)
    • Cross-sectional studies look at differing age at a single point in time
    • Three styles of temperament: 40% Easy children, 15% Slow-to-warm-up, 10% Difficult children, and 35% Mixture of these three
    • Temperament at 3 Mo. fair predictor at age 10 years

    Attachment

    • Harlow’s substitute mothers: Wire vs. Cloth substitutes, Contact comfort
    • Bowlby: Biological basis for attachment (they depend upon adults and adults are captivated by them—THEY ARE SO CUTE!)
    • Evolutionary Perspectives: Bowlby assumed attachment is a product of natural selection, biologically programmed, and has survival value

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    Description

    This quiz covers the preoperational and concrete operational periods of Piaget's cognitive development theory, including characteristics such as centration, egocentrism, and conservation.

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