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Questions and Answers
What does the proximodistal principle suggest in terms of development?
Which principle states that development follows a head-to-toe direction?
What is a characteristic of universal development?
How are individual differences in development best described?
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Which aspect is crucial for perceptual development in infants?
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What is emphasized in context-specific development?
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What developmental milestone occurs during mid-late childhood (ages 6 to 11)?
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Which of the following statements is true about maturation and learning in development?
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What is the main focus of Jean Piaget's research?
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At what age does stranger anxiety typically begin to manifest in children?
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Which stage of Piaget's cognitive development occurs from birth to nearly 2 years?
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What does conservation refer to in Piaget's theory?
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What is egocentrism in the context of Piaget's stages?
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What phenomenon describes a decrease in responsiveness due to repeated stimulation?
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Which of the following statements is true of Piaget's sensorimotor stage?
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Which of the following describes attachment in young children?
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What is one of the key principles of development according to Paul Baltes?
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Which period marks the beginning of the transition from childhood to adulthood?
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What triggers the physical changes associated with puberty?
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According to Baltes, what type of influence is NOT considered a contextual factor in development?
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What is a characteristic of development that indicates the ability to adapt throughout life?
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Which phase is described as a time when many directions remain possible and little about the future is decided for certain?
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During which developmental stage does a significant change in the brain influence risky behavior?
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In prenatal development, which period refers to the implantation of the fertilized egg?
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What significant physical change occurs in children by the age of 6?
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What is a key challenge faced by individuals in late adulthood?
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How does cognition develop in children according to the content?
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What aspect of late adulthood is mentioned in the context of finding meaning?
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What is indicated as a major transitional phase in the life span?
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What is the stage called when the multicellular organism is referred to as a fetus?
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How much does the average newborn in the United States weigh?
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During which life stage are individuals likely to find that they have faced similar problems before?
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At what age does the weight of an infant typically quadruple to be between 20 and 40 pounds?
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What developmental stage follows the embryonic period?
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Which age range is generally accepted for middle adulthood?
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What major change occurs during the first year of an infant's life regarding weight?
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What term is used to describe the distinct phase in development that follows infancy and toddlerhood?
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Study Notes
Jean Piaget
- Swiss psychologist who is known for his research into children's cognitive development
- Born August 9, 1896
- Died September 16, 1980
- Known for his systematic study of the acquisition of understanding in children
- Studied at the University of Neuchatel and University of Zurich
Stranger's Anxiety
- Common fear displayed by children between 8 months of age
- A child's fear of unfamiliar people
Attachment
- Emotional tie to another person
- Shown in young children by seeking closeness to caregivers
- Young children show distress when separated from their caregivers
Habituation
- Decreasing responsiveness with a repeated stimulation
- A child's ability to become used to a certain stimulus
Conservation
- Principle that a properties like mass, volume, and number stay the same even if the form of an object changes
- Children's understanding that changing the appearance of something doesn't change its properties
Egocentrism
- Inability to understand another person's point of view
- This is common in children in the preoperational stage of development
Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development
- Stages represent how children understand the world around them, and how their thinking changes
The Sensorimotor Stage
- Birth to age 2
- Infants learn through their senses and motor actions
- During this time, children develop concepts of objects, cause and effect
Proximodistal Principle
- Growth starts in the center of the body and moves outwards
- From the core of the body outwards
Cephalocaudal Principle
- Development progresses from the head down
- The head develops first, moving to the rest of the body.
Universal vs. Context-Specific Development
- There is some universal development, but individual variation is common
- Context-specific development, based on environment and experiences
Individual Differences in the Development Process
- Heredity and environment play a role in an individual's development
- Both factors contribute to personality, well-being, intelligence, physical development, ability and others
Development Depends On Maturation and Learning
- Perceptual development relies on the maturation of sensory organs and the central nervous system
- Newborn infants have many perceptual skills that prove the skills do not need to be learned through experience
Cognitive Development
- Depends on a child's readiness to understand themselves and their environment
Periods of Development
Prenatal Development (Conception to 9 Months)
- Three phases: Germinal Period, Embryonic Period, Fetal Period
Germinal Period
- Conception to implantation of the fertilized egg in the lining of the uterus
Embryonic Period
- From the third week of pregnancy, the blastocyst has implanted in the uterine wall.
- The multicellular organism is now considered an embryo
Fetal Period
- From the ninth week of pregnancy until birth, the organism is considered a fetus
- Major structures continue to develop during this stage.
Infancy and Toddlerhood (Birth to 36 Months)
- Dramatic changes during this period
- Average newborn in the United States weighs about 7.5 pounds
- Infants usually double their birth weight by the time they reach 4 months, and triple it by the age of one
- By the age of 2, infants quadruple their birth weight
Early Childhood (3 to 5 Years Old)
- Similar to toddlers with a relatively large head and stomach, short arms, and legs
- Torso elongates as the child ages, and body proportions become more adult-like by the age of 6
Mid-Late Childhood (6 to 11 Years Old)
- Greater control over body movement
- Mastery of gross and fine motor skills
- Brain changes during this age contribute to reasoning, flexibility of thought
Adolescence (10 to 18 Years Old)
- Begins with puberty and ends with the transitional period to adulthood
- Hormonal changes trigger physical development during puberty
- Changes in brain development increase the risk of risky behaviors in adolescence
Early Adulthood (18 to 29 Years Old)
- End of relative dependency of childhood and adolescence
- Period for exploring possible directions in life, time of higher independence
Middle Adulthood (45 to 65 Years Old)
- Period between Early Adulthood and Late Adulthood
- Middle-aged adults have a large amount of knowledge and experience to draw on for problem solving
- Increased ability to focus on important elements of a problem, and ignore the irrelevant
###Late Adulthood (Mid Sixties - Death)
- A time of transition, with its own issues of change
- Transitional identity system, both before and after the peak of adult responsibilities
- Acceptance of life and inevitability of death is an important aspect of this stage
- Finding meaning in life and accepting accomplishments is common
- Acknowledgement of things that didn't go as planned is also common
Format
- Abstract logic
- Potential for mature moral reasoning
- Operational stage
- Thinking through logic and reasoning
- 12 through adulthood
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Description
Explore the key concepts of Jean Piaget's theory on children's cognitive development. This quiz covers essential topics such as attachment, conservation, habituation, and egocentrism, which are fundamental to understanding how children acquire knowledge. Test your understanding of these concepts and their significance in childhood psychology.
