Piaget's Cognitive Development Theory

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Questions and Answers

What is the process of reorganizing thoughts when new information does not fit the schema?

Disequilibrium

Equilibrium

Assimilation

Accommodation (correct)

What is the inability to take another person's perspective called?

Equilibrium

Disequilibrium

Schema

Egocentrism (correct)

What is the stage of development where children explore the world through senses and motor activity?

Preoperational Stage

Sensorimotor Stage (correct)

Cognitive Stage

Operational Stage

According to Piaget, what is the process of adding new experience or information to an existing cognitive structure?

Assimilation Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the basic building blocks of cognitive models that enable us to form a mental representation?

Schemas Signup and view all the answers

What occurs when there is an inconsistency between a learner's cognitive structure and the thing being learned?

Disequilibrium Signup and view all the answers

What is the stage of development where children are pre-logical and lack logical thought?

Preoperational Stage Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process of transitioning from one stage to another?

Adaptation Processes Signup and view all the answers

At what age do children typically recognize themselves in a mirror?

15-18 months Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of children's self-concept in early childhood?

Overestimation of abilities Signup and view all the answers

Which theorist is associated with the concept of self-worth?

Rogers Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the ability to assume another's perspective?

Perspective taking Signup and view all the answers

By what age can most children recognize their own photograph?

24-30 months Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes children's self-descriptions in middle and late childhood?

Focused on social roles Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of children who are good at perspective taking?

They are popular among their peers Signup and view all the answers

How do children's self-descriptions change from early to middle childhood?

They become more centered on social roles Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of a child in the Concrete Operational Stage?

Ability to see more than one aspect of a problem at a time Signup and view all the answers

According to Piaget, around what age does a child enter the Formal Operations stage?

12 to about 15 years old Signup and view all the answers

What is a criticism of Piaget's theory?

Underestimated the impact of culture Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of Lev Vygotsky's social constructivist theory?

The role of social and cultural interactions Signup and view all the answers

What is the ultimate social tool, according to Vygotsky?

Language Signup and view all the answers

What is the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) in Vygotsky's theory?

The range of skills a child can perform with the assistance of others Signup and view all the answers

What is scaffolding in Jerome Bruner's theory?

An instructional technique that provides individualized support Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of a child in the Preoperational Stage?

Has difficulty distinguishing fantasy from reality Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of oneself does the Intellectual Self deal with?

Intelligence and decision-making ability Signup and view all the answers

Self-efficacy refers to confidence in one's ability to control what?

One's own motivation, behavior, and social environment Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary concern of the Punishment Obedience Orientation in Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development?

The consequences of one's actions Signup and view all the answers

At what stage of Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development does the individual's judgment of good and bad become influenced by universal moral principles?

Stage 6: Universal Ethical Principle Orientation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the Bodily Self in the ideal self?

Physical health and well-being Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for an ambiguous situation that requires a person to make a moral decision?

Moral dilemma Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary concern of the Good Boy – Nice Girl Orientation in Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development?

The opinions of others Signup and view all the answers

What is morality, according to the provided content?

A force that motivates our behavior Signup and view all the answers

According to Kohlberg, what percentage of adults attain the post-conventional level of morality?

20 to 25% Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of Phase 1 of attachment formation, according to Bowlby?

Infants show no preference among caregivers Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the break in an infant's attachment?

Deprivation Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the emotional bond between an infant and caregiver?

Attachment Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of infants are classified as Type B, according to the attachment types?

66% Signup and view all the answers

What is the age range for Phase 3 of attachment formation, according to Bowlby?

7-24 months Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome for the Czech twins studied by Koluchova (1972)?

Their speech was normal, and their IQ was normal for their age Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for when an infant is no longer with its main caregiver?

Separation Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cognition

Cognition is the mental process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses.
Piaget's theory of cognitive development proposes that children are like scientists, testing and exploring hypotheses about the world through reflection on their experiences.

Piaget's Cognitive Theory

Three basic components:
- Schemas: how knowledge is organized and represented
- Adaptation processes: enable learning and transition from one stage to another
- Stages of development
Adaptation processes involve equilibrium (existing schemas explaining perceived information) and disequilibrium (inconsistency between cognitive structure and new information)
Assimilation: adding new experience to an existing cognitive structure
Accommodation: reorganizing thoughts when new information doesn't fit the schema
Egocentrism: inability to take another person's perspective

Stages of Cognitive Development

Sensorimotor Stage (0-2 years):
- Explore the world through senses and motor activity
- Develop cause-and-effect understanding
- Can't distinguish between self and environment
Preoperational Stage (2-7 years):
- Rapidly developing language and communication
- Imagining the future and reflecting on the past
- Developing basic numerical abilities
- Difficulty distinguishing fantasy from reality
Concrete Operational Stage (7-11 years):
- Abstract reasoning ability and ability to generalize from the concrete
- Understanding conservation of matter
- Understanding hierarchic categories
- Ability in seriation
Formal Operations (12-15 years):
- Adult thinking
- Ability to think about hypothetical situations
- Forming and testing hypotheses
- Organizing information
- Reasoning scientifically

Criticisms of Piaget

Underestimated the impact of culture
Methodological flaws in tasks

Highlights the role of social and cultural interactions in cognitive development
Importance of language:
- Represents reality and allows distancing from the present
- Enables communication with others
Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD):
- Lower limit: child's actual developmental level
- Upper limit: level of potential skill with assistance
Scaffolding: individualized support to gradually improve learner's ability

Self-Concept

Self: all the characteristics of the person
Self-concept: perception about oneself
Development of self-understanding throughout the lifespan
Children recognize themselves in the mirror at 15-18 months
Infants have a basic sense of self in the first few months
Self-awareness indicators:
- Exhibition of embarrassment and shame
- Self-assertive behavior
- Use of language
Self-concept development:
- Early childhood: concrete descriptions, physical descriptions, behavior/activities
- Middle and late childhood: shift to internal traits and abilities, social role descriptions
Perspective taking: ability to assume another's perspective
Self-concept components:
- Self-worth
- Ideal self
- Self-efficacy (confidence in ability to exert control over motivation, behavior, and social environment)

Morality

Understanding of the difference between right and wrong, or good and bad behavior
Moral dilemma: ambiguous situation requiring a moral decision
Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development:
- Describes how sense of right and wrong changes with age
- Describes how we develop a sense of justice and make moral judgments
Levels of moral development:
- Level 1: Pre-conventional Morality
- Level 2: Conventional Morality
- Level 3: Post-Conventional Morality
Stages of moral development:
- Stage 1: Punishment Obedience Orientation
- Stage 2: Instrumental Relativist Orientation
- Stage 3: Good Boy – Nice Girl Orientation
- Stage 4: Law and Order Orientation
- Stage 5: Social Contract Orientation
- Stage 6: Universal Ethical Principle Orientation

Attachment

First social relationship; strong emotional bond between infant and caregiver
Infants show attachment through proximity-seeking behaviors
Bowlby's phases of attachment formation:
- Phase 1: Indiscriminant Sociability
- Phase 2: Attachments in the Making
- Phase 3: Specific, Clear-Cut Attachments
- Phase 4: Goal-Coordinated Partnerships
Types of attachment:
- Type A: didn't care
- Type B: upset when mother leaves, okay with stranger
- Type C: scared without mother
- Type D: random
Deprivation: break in an infant's attachment
Separation: when an infant is no longer with its main caregiver
Separation leads to deprivation

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Description

Explore the fundamental concepts of cognitive development, including schemas and how children form knowledge through experiences and senses.