36 Questions
What type of effects may toxins have?
No immediate apparent harmful effects
What is a characteristic of chronic toxins?
They cause damage after repeated or long-term exposure
What is a carcinogen?
Any discrete chemical compound that has been shown to cause cancer in human or animal studies
What is a characteristic of mutagens?
They can damage the hereditary material
What is a teratogen?
A substance that acts during pregnancy to cause adverse effects on the embryo or fetus
What is a co-carcinogen?
A substance that promotes the effects of a carcinogen
What is the definition of cancer?
An abnormal or uncontrolled growth of new cells in any part of the body
What is the first step in the development of cancer?
Initiation
What is a carcinogen?
Any substance that can cause cancer
What is the mechanism of carcinogens?
Mutagens and repro-toxic substances
What is the pictogram for carcinogens?
Not mentioned in the content
What is the course objective for this session?
All of the above
What is the definition of promotion in the context of cancer development?
Factors like cell division acceleration contribute to tumor formation
What is an example of cancer mentioned in the content?
Breast cancer
What is a procarcinogen?
A chemical substance that becomes a carcinogen only after it is altered by metabolic processes
What is a promutagen?
A chemical that is not mutagenic in itself, but can be biologically transformed into a mutagen
What is one of the routes of entry for carcinogens?
Inhalation
What type of diterpenes are esters of phorbol, daphnane, and ingenol?
Promutagens and procarcinogens
What is an example of a natural product that is carcinogenic?
Progesterone
Who stated that 'All substances are poisons, there is none which is not a poison. The right dose differentiates a poison and a remedy'?
Paracelsus
What is the primary organ associated with the respiratory system?
Lungs
Which type of cancer is associated with exposure to asbestos?
Lung membrane cancer (mesothelioma)
What is the classification of a carcinogen with sufficient evidence of causing cancer in humans?
Carcinogenic to humans
Which of the following is an example of an N-Nitroso compound?
N-nitrosodimethylamine
What is the primary organ associated with the excretory system?
Kidney
Which of the following is an example of an aromatic amine?
Aniline
What is the primary organ associated with the digestive system?
Intestines
Which of the following is an example of an epoxide?
Ethylene oxide
Which of the following inorganic compounds is a carcinogen?
Beryllium & its cpds
What is a factor that can affect the impact of carcinogens on individuals?
All of the above
Which of the following plant-derived substances is a co-carcinogen?
Diterpenes
Which of the following is a characteristic of carcinogens?
Latency period
Which of the following references is about Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy?
Heinrich, M., Barnes, J., Gibbons, S.and Williamson, E.M.Fundamentals of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy
Which of the following inorganic compounds is NOT a carcinogen?
Selenium sulfide
What is a factor that can affect the impact of carcinogens on individuals?
Health status and lifestyle
Which of the following is a plant-derived carcinogen?
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids
Study Notes
Carcinogens and Co-Carcinogens
- Cancer is defined as an abnormal or uncontrolled growth of new cells in any part of the body, characterized by cells that tend to invade surrounding tissue and metastasize to new body sites.
- The process of cancer development involves four steps: initiation, promotion, progression, and malignancy.
- Examples of cancers include breast cancer, lung cancer, colon cancer, and skin cancer.
Definition of Carcinogens
- A carcinogen is any substance that can cause cancer, and can be biological, physical, or chemical in nature.
- Carcinogens may have no immediate apparent harmful effects, but can cause damage after repeated or long-term exposure.
- Examples of carcinogens include benzene, asbestos, cigarette smoke, food, ethylene oxide, chromium VI, and toluene.
Mutagens, Teratogens, and Co-Carcinogens
- A mutagen is a substance that can damage the hereditary material (DNA) and may cause cancer, but not always.
- Teratogens are substances that act during pregnancy to cause adverse effects on the embryo or fetus, including malformations, retarded growth, and postnatal deficiencies.
- Co-carcinogens are chemical substances that promote the effects of a carcinogen, but are not carcinogenic themselves.
- Examples of co-carcinogens include diterpenes, esters of phorbol, daphnane, and ingenol.
Carcinogenic Materials
- Examples of carcinogenic materials include asbestos, certain chemicals, coal tars and coke oven emissions, hardwood sawdust, ionizing radiation, natural products, tobacco smoke, ultraviolet radiation, and synthetic dyes.
Route of Entry for Carcinogens
- Routes of entry for carcinogens include inhalation, ingestion, and skin absorption.
- End points for carcinogens include the respiratory system, digestive system, skin, bones, liver, kidney, and reproductive system.
Cancers and Implicated Carcinogens
- Examples of cancers and implicated carcinogens include lung membrane cancer (asbestos), cancer of the nose (tropical hardwood), leukemia (benzene, ionizing radiation), and bladder cancer (aniline industry – dyes).
Classification of Carcinogens
- Carcinogens can be classified into four categories: carcinogenic to humans, probably carcinogenic to humans, possibly carcinogenic to humans, and probably not carcinogenic to humans.
Chemical Classes of Carcinogenic Compounds
- Examples of chemical classes of carcinogenic compounds include epoxides, organohalogens, N-nitroso compounds, aromatic amines, aromatic hydrocarbons, hydrazines, and miscellaneous organic and inorganic compounds.
Plant Carcinogens and Co-Carcinogens
- Examples of plant carcinogens include pyrrolizidine alkaloids, anthranoid drugs, and furanocoumarins.
- Examples of plant co-carcinogens include diterpenes and croton tiglium seed oil.
Complications of Carcinogens
- The effects of carcinogens may not occur at the time of exposure, and people may vary in susceptibility to carcinogens.
- Exposure to different substances, combined with lifestyle factors, can increase the risk of cancer.
This quiz covers topics related to phytopharmaceuticals, including poisonous plants, natural hallucinogens, carcinogens, and teratogens. It is part of a SOPH 352 course on phytopharmaceuticals and poisons.
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