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Questions and Answers
What type of effects may toxins have?
What type of effects may toxins have?
- Only apparent beneficial effects
- Only immediate harmful effects
- Only physical effects
- No immediate apparent harmful effects (correct)
What is a characteristic of chronic toxins?
What is a characteristic of chronic toxins?
- They cause immediate damage
- They are only found in laboratory operations
- They are only found in shops and art studios
- They cause damage after repeated or long-term exposure (correct)
What is a carcinogen?
What is a carcinogen?
- A substance that can damage hereditary material
- Any discrete chemical compound that has been shown to cause cancer in human or animal studies (correct)
- A substance that can only cause physical effects
- A substance that can only cause damage to the embryo or fetus
What is a characteristic of mutagens?
What is a characteristic of mutagens?
What is a teratogen?
What is a teratogen?
What is a co-carcinogen?
What is a co-carcinogen?
What is the definition of cancer?
What is the definition of cancer?
What is the first step in the development of cancer?
What is the first step in the development of cancer?
What is a carcinogen?
What is a carcinogen?
What is the mechanism of carcinogens?
What is the mechanism of carcinogens?
What is the pictogram for carcinogens?
What is the pictogram for carcinogens?
What is the course objective for this session?
What is the course objective for this session?
What is the definition of promotion in the context of cancer development?
What is the definition of promotion in the context of cancer development?
What is an example of cancer mentioned in the content?
What is an example of cancer mentioned in the content?
What is a procarcinogen?
What is a procarcinogen?
What is a promutagen?
What is a promutagen?
What is one of the routes of entry for carcinogens?
What is one of the routes of entry for carcinogens?
What type of diterpenes are esters of phorbol, daphnane, and ingenol?
What type of diterpenes are esters of phorbol, daphnane, and ingenol?
What is an example of a natural product that is carcinogenic?
What is an example of a natural product that is carcinogenic?
Who stated that 'All substances are poisons, there is none which is not a poison. The right dose differentiates a poison and a remedy'?
Who stated that 'All substances are poisons, there is none which is not a poison. The right dose differentiates a poison and a remedy'?
What is the primary organ associated with the respiratory system?
What is the primary organ associated with the respiratory system?
Which type of cancer is associated with exposure to asbestos?
Which type of cancer is associated with exposure to asbestos?
What is the classification of a carcinogen with sufficient evidence of causing cancer in humans?
What is the classification of a carcinogen with sufficient evidence of causing cancer in humans?
Which of the following is an example of an N-Nitroso compound?
Which of the following is an example of an N-Nitroso compound?
What is the primary organ associated with the excretory system?
What is the primary organ associated with the excretory system?
Which of the following is an example of an aromatic amine?
Which of the following is an example of an aromatic amine?
What is the primary organ associated with the digestive system?
What is the primary organ associated with the digestive system?
Which of the following is an example of an epoxide?
Which of the following is an example of an epoxide?
Which of the following inorganic compounds is a carcinogen?
Which of the following inorganic compounds is a carcinogen?
What is a factor that can affect the impact of carcinogens on individuals?
What is a factor that can affect the impact of carcinogens on individuals?
Which of the following plant-derived substances is a co-carcinogen?
Which of the following plant-derived substances is a co-carcinogen?
Which of the following is a characteristic of carcinogens?
Which of the following is a characteristic of carcinogens?
Which of the following references is about Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy?
Which of the following references is about Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy?
Which of the following inorganic compounds is NOT a carcinogen?
Which of the following inorganic compounds is NOT a carcinogen?
What is a factor that can affect the impact of carcinogens on individuals?
What is a factor that can affect the impact of carcinogens on individuals?
Which of the following is a plant-derived carcinogen?
Which of the following is a plant-derived carcinogen?
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Study Notes
Carcinogens and Co-Carcinogens
- Cancer is defined as an abnormal or uncontrolled growth of new cells in any part of the body, characterized by cells that tend to invade surrounding tissue and metastasize to new body sites.
- The process of cancer development involves four steps: initiation, promotion, progression, and malignancy.
- Examples of cancers include breast cancer, lung cancer, colon cancer, and skin cancer.
Definition of Carcinogens
- A carcinogen is any substance that can cause cancer, and can be biological, physical, or chemical in nature.
- Carcinogens may have no immediate apparent harmful effects, but can cause damage after repeated or long-term exposure.
- Examples of carcinogens include benzene, asbestos, cigarette smoke, food, ethylene oxide, chromium VI, and toluene.
Mutagens, Teratogens, and Co-Carcinogens
- A mutagen is a substance that can damage the hereditary material (DNA) and may cause cancer, but not always.
- Teratogens are substances that act during pregnancy to cause adverse effects on the embryo or fetus, including malformations, retarded growth, and postnatal deficiencies.
- Co-carcinogens are chemical substances that promote the effects of a carcinogen, but are not carcinogenic themselves.
- Examples of co-carcinogens include diterpenes, esters of phorbol, daphnane, and ingenol.
Carcinogenic Materials
- Examples of carcinogenic materials include asbestos, certain chemicals, coal tars and coke oven emissions, hardwood sawdust, ionizing radiation, natural products, tobacco smoke, ultraviolet radiation, and synthetic dyes.
Route of Entry for Carcinogens
- Routes of entry for carcinogens include inhalation, ingestion, and skin absorption.
- End points for carcinogens include the respiratory system, digestive system, skin, bones, liver, kidney, and reproductive system.
Cancers and Implicated Carcinogens
- Examples of cancers and implicated carcinogens include lung membrane cancer (asbestos), cancer of the nose (tropical hardwood), leukemia (benzene, ionizing radiation), and bladder cancer (aniline industry – dyes).
Classification of Carcinogens
- Carcinogens can be classified into four categories: carcinogenic to humans, probably carcinogenic to humans, possibly carcinogenic to humans, and probably not carcinogenic to humans.
Chemical Classes of Carcinogenic Compounds
- Examples of chemical classes of carcinogenic compounds include epoxides, organohalogens, N-nitroso compounds, aromatic amines, aromatic hydrocarbons, hydrazines, and miscellaneous organic and inorganic compounds.
Plant Carcinogens and Co-Carcinogens
- Examples of plant carcinogens include pyrrolizidine alkaloids, anthranoid drugs, and furanocoumarins.
- Examples of plant co-carcinogens include diterpenes and croton tiglium seed oil.
Complications of Carcinogens
- The effects of carcinogens may not occur at the time of exposure, and people may vary in susceptibility to carcinogens.
- Exposure to different substances, combined with lifestyle factors, can increase the risk of cancer.
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