PHYT 7103 Human Physiology Module 1
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the cell membrane?

  • To generate ATP for cellular processes
  • To provide energy for the cell
  • To regulate what enters and exits the cell (correct)
  • To store genetic information

    • How does cholesterol affect the cell membrane at different temperatures?

  • It has no impact on membrane structure
  • It prevents all transport across the membrane
  • It makes the membrane more brittle at low temperatures and leaky at high temperatures (correct)
  • It increases fluidity at low temperatures and decreases it at high temperatures

    • What characteristic makes phospholipids important components of the cell membrane?

  • They are amphiphilic, having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions (correct)
  • They are entirely hydrophobic
  • They are purely hydrophilic and dissolve in water
  • They can only form solid structures

    • What is the primary role of protein channels in the cell membrane?

    <p>To facilitate the movement of specific substances without using energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What components make up the cytoskeleton?

    <p>Proteins, microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Golgi apparatus?

    <p>Packages and transports proteins and lipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of a negative feedback control system is responsible for interpreting input from sensors?

    <p>Comparator</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which fluid is found inside the cells and is known as intracellular fluid (ICF)?

    <p>Cytosol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'set point' refer to in a negative feedback control system?

    <p>The optimal target value of the control system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best describes selective permeability in a cell membrane?

    <p>The regulation of specific substances entering and exiting the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Composition of a Cell Membrane

    • Cell Membrane: Composed of phospholipid molecules; regulates substance entry and exit.
    • Structure Impact on Transport: Features a glycerol hydrophilic head and hydrophobic fatty acid tails.
    • Cholesterol Role: Prevents tight packing in low temperatures and reduces leakiness in high temperatures.
    • Semipermeability: Allows passage of O2 and CO2 but blocks glucose and sugars.
    • Phospholipid Molecule: Contains hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails; amphiphilic nature is essential for membrane formation.
    • Protein Channels: Facilitate selective transport through passive diffusion without energy expenditure.
    • Cytoskeleton: Provides structural stability through proteins like microfilaments and microtubules; enables cell shape changes.
    • Intracellular Fluid: Composed of cytosol; medium for cellular reactions.

    Organelles and Their Functions

    • Cell Membrane: Regulates substance exchange.
    • Nucleus: Houses genetic material (DNA and genes).
    • Ribosomes: Synthesize proteins using mRNA.
    • Endoplasmic Reticulum: Rough ER synthesizes proteins; Smooth ER produces lipids and steroid hormones.
    • Golgi Apparatus: Modifies and packages proteins/lipids from the ER for transport.
    • Transport Vesicles: Aid movement of materials within the cell.
    • Mitochondria: Produce energy (ATP) for the cell.

    Homeostasis

    • Definition: Maintenance of a stable internal environment critical for physiological functions.
    • Key Values: Blood glucose level at 90 mg/ml, body temperature at 98.4°F.
    • Steady State vs. Homeostasis: Steady state indicates constancy but does not imply homeostasis (e.g., during exercise).
    • Negative Feedback Components:
      • Controlled Variable: Maintained within narrow limits.
      • Set Point: Target value for control processes.
      • Sensors: Monitor changes in controlled variables.
      • Comparator: Identifies deviations and initiates responses.
      • Effectors: Restore the controlled variable to its set point.
    • Intracellular vs. Extracellular Fluid:
      • Intracellular Fluid (ICF): Fluid within cells.
      • Extracellular Fluid (ECF): Fluid outside cells, subdivided into interstitial fluid and blood plasma.

    Cell Membrane Transport Mechanisms

    • Selective Permeability: Regulates which substances can enter or exit the cell.
    • Transport Mechanisms:
      • Diffusion: Passive transport for small, nonpolar molecules (e.g., O2, CO2).
      • Facilitated Diffusion: Utilizes transport proteins for larger, polar molecules.
      • Osmosis: Movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from low to high solute concentration.
      • Primary Active Transport: Uses ATP for sodium/potassium pump function.
      • Secondary Active Transport: Utilizes electrochemical gradients without direct ATP use.
      • Bulk Transport: Involves endocytosis (material uptake) and exocytosis (material expulsion).

    Endocytosis and Exocytosis

    • Endocytosis: Engulfing extracellular materials into cells.
      • Phagocytosis: Engulfment of debris and dead cells.
      • Pinocytosis: Capture of extracellular fluid and solutes.
      • Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis: Absorption of specific proteins/hormones.
    • Exocytosis: Expelling materials from cells.

    Osmosis Importance

    • Process: Responsible for maintaining cell shape by preventing swelling or shrinkage.
    • Tonicity Terms:
      • Isotonic: Equal solute and water concentration.
      • Hypotonic: Low solute, high water concentration (can cause cell swelling).
      • Hypertonic: High solute, low water concentration (can cause cell shrinkage).

    Cellular Respiration

    • Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP): Energy currency of the cell, formed through glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and electron transport chain (ETC).
    • ATP-PC System: Provides energy for short bursts of activity (e.g., sprinting) by breaking down ATP and phosphocreatine.
    • Glycolysis: Anaerobic process breaking glucose into two pyruvate molecules, yielding two ATP; occurs in the cytoplasm.
    • Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle): Produces energy equivalents (GTP, NADH, FADH2) and generates ATP (30-32 ATP total).
    • Electron Transport Chain (ETC): Transfers electrons, creating a proton gradient to synthesize ATP.
    • Oxidative Phosphorylation: ATP production via electron donation from NADH and FADH2.
    • Aerobic Activity: Long-distance running and cycling predominantly utilize aerobic ATP production.
    • Nutrient Utilization: The body primarily uses carbohydrates for short-term energy and fats for prolonged exercise.

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    Related Documents

    PHYT 7103 Human Physiology Module 1 Learning Guide.docx

    Description

    This learning guide focuses on the key concepts of human physiology, specifically the composition and function of cell membranes. It serves as a structured aid to enhance understanding of the material presented during the module. Use this resource to build foundational knowledge for future content in the course.

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