Physiology: Respiratory System Overview
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Questions and Answers

What occurs when an alveolus has increased resistance?

  • It fills to a lower volume faster than normal.
  • It fills to the same volume as a normal alveolus given sufficient time. (correct)
  • It will fill with air slower than normal, regardless of time.
  • It will remain collapsed and not fill with air.

How does the solubility of gases in blood affect their movement during respiration?

  • Gases move down their partial pressure gradient influenced by their solubility. (correct)
  • Only gases with high solubility can move into the alveoli.
  • Gases move into blood regardless of their solubility.
  • The solubility of a gas has no impact on gas exchange.

Which statement about the dynamics of respiratory gases is accurate?

  • Bound gas molecules significantly increase the partial pressure.
  • Partial pressure contributions come only from unbound gas molecules. (correct)
  • Carbon dioxide has the same solubility as oxygen in blood.
  • Gases move against their concentration gradient during respiration.

What is the effect of reduced compliance in an alveolus?

<p>It fills with approximately the same amount of air in a given time. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to oxygen that is bound to hemoglobin in the blood?

<p>It does not contribute to the partial pressure of oxygen. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the transpulmonary pressure (PL) equation?

<p>PL = PA - PPL (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs when alveoli pressure (PA) exceeds 20 cm H2O?

<p>Rupture of alveoli (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During tidal inspiration, what happens to the plural pressure (PPL)?

<p>It slightly decreases (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does high lung compliance indicate?

<p>Lungs easily distend with less pressure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between compliance and elastic recoil?

<p>Compliance is the inverse of elastic recoil (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of breathing causes an increase in alveoli pressure (PA)?

<p>Expiratory relaxation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to lung compliance at high lung volumes?

<p>It becomes lower (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Prior to inspiration, what is the average plural pressure (PPL)?

<p>-5 cm H2O (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of carbon dioxide is primarily transported as bicarbonate ion in plasma?

<p>60-70% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme significantly accelerates the hydration of carbon dioxide in red blood cells?

<p>Carbonic anhydrase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process occurs when bicarbonate is exchanged for chloride ions in the red blood cells?

<p>Electroneutrality maintenance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do mechanoreceptors play in respiration?

<p>Terminate inspiration to prevent lung overstretching (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which muscles are primarily involved in the physical act of breathing?

<p>Diaphragm and intercostal muscles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What component of carbon dioxide transport accounts for about 7-10% of CO2 in the blood?

<p>Dissolved in plasma (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following processes contributes to bronchodilation?

<p>Relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is carbon dioxide primarily converted in the blood?

<p>By forming carbamino compounds and bicarbonate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the conducting airways in the respiratory system?

<p>Filter, warm, and humidify incoming air (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structures are classified as part of the lower airway system?

<p>Trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of airways are characterized by the presence of cartilage?

<p>Trachea and bronchi (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do capillaries relate to alveoli in the respiratory system?

<p>They facilitate the exchange of gases (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What major muscle is responsible for driving inspiration?

<p>Diaphragm (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How far can the diaphragm move during active breathing?

<p>Up to 10 cm (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the larynx serve in the respiratory system?

<p>Serves as the voice box (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the high density of capillaries around each alveolus?

<p>It enhances gas exchange efficiency (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the average volume of tidal volume (TV) in the lungs?

<p>500 ml (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which lung volume is the maximum amount of air that can be inspired after normal expiration?

<p>Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the formula for calculating vital capacity (VC)?

<p>TV + ERV + IRV (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the average measurement of expiratory reserve volume (ERV)?

<p>1000 ml (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the volume of air remaining in the lungs after a maximal expiration called?

<p>Residual volume (RV) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is functional residual capacity (FRC) calculated?

<p>ERV + RV (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily drives exhalation during quiet breathing?

<p>Relaxation of the diaphragm (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which lung capacity represents the total amount of air the lungs can hold?

<p>Total lung capacity (TLC) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the average total lung capacity (TLC)?

<p>5700 ml (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During active breathing, which muscles assist in exhalation?

<p>Internal intercostals and abdominal wall muscles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical breathing rate during maximum exercise in adults?

<p>40-45 breaths/min (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does transmural pressure (PW) represent?

<p>Difference between pleural and barometric pressures (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which law describes the relationship between pressure and volume in the context of breathing?

<p>Boyle’s Law (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the pleural cavity serve in respiration?

<p>Allows the lungs and ribs to slide relative to each other (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of transpulmonary pressure (PL)?

<p>Difference between alveolar and pleural pressures (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of pleural pressure (PPL)?

<p>It is generally kept at negative pressure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Expiration

The process of expelling air from the lungs.

Quiet Breathing

The state of breathing without any conscious effort, typically during rest.

Active Breathing

The state of breathing with conscious effort, typically during physical activity or hyperventilation.

Muscles of Expiration

Muscles that assist with exhalation during active breathing, such as the internal intercostals and abdominal muscles.

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Barometric Pressure (PB)

Pressure surrounding the chest wall, essentially the same as atmospheric pressure.

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Pleural Pressure (PPL)

Pressure within the pleural space, the space between the lungs and the chest wall.

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Alveolar Pressure (PA)

Pressure inside the tiny air sacs (alveoli) in the lungs.

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Transpulmonary Pressure (PL)

The difference between the alveolar pressure and the pleural pressure, which influences the size of the lungs.

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Positive Pressure Ventilation

Positive pressure ventilation delivers air into the lungs by increasing the alveolar pressure.

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Diaphragmatic Inspiration

Contraction of the diaphragm increases the volume of the thoracic cavity, decreasing pleural pressure in accordance with Boyle's law.

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Elastic Recoil

The tendency of the lungs to resist stretching and return to their original size.

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Lung Compliance

A measure of the lung's elastic properties, representing the change in lung volume per unit change in pressure.

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Pressure-Volume Curve

The relationship between lung volume and pressure, represented graphically.

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High Lung Compliance

High lung compliance indicates the lungs expand easily with small pressure changes.

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Low Lung Compliance

Low lung compliance indicates the lungs require more pressure to expand.

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Tidal Volume (TV)

Volume of air breathed in or out during a normal breath.

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Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

Extra air you can inhale after taking a normal breath.

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Inspiratory Capacity (IC)

The total amount of air you can inhale after a normal breath.

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Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

Extra air you can exhale after a normal breath.

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Residual Volume (RV)

The smallest amount of air that remains in your lungs after a forceful exhale.

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Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)

The total amount of air remaining in your lungs after a normal exhale.

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Vital Capacity (VC)

The maximum amount of air you can exhale after taking a deep breath.

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Total Lung Capacity (TLC)

The total amount of air your lungs can hold.

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Increased airway resistance in dynamic lung mechanics

Airways or alveoli that have increased resistance will fill with air slower, but they will eventually fill to the same volume as alveoli with normal resistance.

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Decreased alveolar compliance in dynamic lung mechanics

Alveoli with decreased compliance will fill with air faster, but they will only reach half the volume of alveoli with normal compliance.

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Partial pressure gradient in gas exchange

The movement of gases between the alveoli and blood depends on the difference in partial pressure between the two compartments.

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Solubility in gas exchange

The solubility of a gas in blood determines how much of it will move from the alveoli into the blood.

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Bound gas in partial pressure

Only free, unbound gas molecules contribute to the partial pressure of a gas in the blood. Gas bound to molecules like hemoglobin doesn't count.

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Conducting Airways

The part of the respiratory system that includes the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchi. This pathway conducts air to and from the gas exchange surfaces, but no gas exchange takes place here.

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What are the functions of the conducting airways?

This system is responsible for filtering, warming, and humidifying air from the surrounding environment to protect the delicate lower tract of the respiratory system.

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Respiratory Airways

The lower airways of the respiratory system are responsible for gas exchange, taking in oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide.

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What are bronchioles?

These structures are the smallest branches of the airways that lead to the gas exchange units within the lungs.

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What are alveoli?

They are the tiny sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs. They are surrounded by a dense network of capillaries where oxygen is absorbed into the bloodstream and carbon dioxide is released.

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How do cartilaginous airways differ from non-cartilaginous airways?

The trachea and bronchi are supported by cartilage rings, while the bronchioles and alveolar ducts are not. This allows for flexibility during breathing.

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What is the primary muscle of inspiration?

The diaphragm is the primary muscle of inspiration. When it contracts, it flattens, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity and drawing air into the lungs.

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What are the other inspiratory muscles?

These muscles help to expand the rib cage during inspiration. They work together with the diaphragm to increase the volume of the thoracic cavity.

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Carbon Dioxide Transport

The process of transporting carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs, mainly through the bloodstream.

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Bicarbonate Ion Transport

The most common way CO2 is transported in the blood. About 60-70% of CO2 travels as bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) in the plasma.

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Carbonic Anhydrase

An enzyme found in red blood cells that speeds up the conversion of CO2 into carbonic acid (H2CO3).

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Carbamino Compound Formation

The process of CO2 combining with the amine groups of proteins, like hemoglobin, to form carbamino compounds. This accounts for 20-30% of CO2 transport.

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Stretch Receptor

A type of receptor found in the respiratory system that senses the stretch of the lungs. It helps prevent overinflation and lung damage.

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Respiratory Center

A center in the brain that controls breathing rate and depth. It receives signals from chemoreceptors and stretch receptors.

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Chemoreceptors

Receptors in the body that detect changes in blood chemistry, like the levels of O2, CO2, and pH.

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Regulation of Respiration

The process of regulating breathing to maintain proper blood gas levels and pH.

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Study Notes

Physiology (0603302)

  • Course covers the respiratory system, gas exchange, and control of respiration.
  • Course offered during the Summer semester of 2023/2024.
  • Instructor: Dr. Mohammad A. Abedal-Majed
  • Institution: School of Agriculture, The University of Jordan.

Respiration Overview

  • Respiration is the body process of taking in oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide.
  • External respiration: gas exchange between the external environment and the body's cells.
  • Internal respiration: gas exchange between the blood and tissues (this process happens in the mitochondria).
  • Respiration has 4 steps:
    • Ventilation or gas exchange between atmosphere and air sacs (alveoli) in the lungs.
    • Gas exchange between air in alveoli and blood.
    • Transport of the gases between the lungs and tissues.
    • Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood and tissues.

Respiratory System Functions

  • Primary function: Gas exchange (oxygen enters blood, carbon dioxide leaves).
  • Other functions:
    • Regulates blood pH (altered by carbon dioxide levels).
    • Produces voice.
    • Protects against microorganisms.

Respiratory System Divisions

  • A- Conducting airways:
    • No gas exchange.
    • Upper Airway (before trachea): filters, warms, and humidifies air, and protects the delicate lower tract. Includes the nose, pharynx, and larynx.
    • Lower Airway (trachea, bronchi, bronchioles): conducts air to and from the gas exchange surfaces.
  • B- Respiratory airways (gas exchange):
    • Bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveolar sacs.
    • Large surface area for gas exchange (70-80 m² for capillaries, 50-100 m² for alveoli)
    • High density of capillaries around alveoli (~1000 capillaries per alveolus)
    • RBCs pass through the network in less than 1 second.

Muscles of Inspiration

  • Inspiration: inhalation of air into the lungs.
  • Diaphragm drives inspiration (contraction increases thoracic cavity size and pushes against abdominal contents).
  • Other inspiratory muscles help expand the rib cage (e.g., external intercostals).
  • Normal quiet breathing moves the diaphragm about 1 cm, active breathing can be up to 10 cm.

Muscles of Expiration

  • Expiration: exhalation of air out of the lungs.
  • Passive during quiet breathing (diaphragm relaxes).
  • Active during exercise or hyperventilation (e.g., internal intercostals, abdominal wall muscles are used for expelling air rapidly.
  • Normal resting breathing rate (10-20 breaths per minute).

Static Lung Mechanics

  • Lung Pressure:
    • PB: Pressure surrounding the chest wall (barometric pressure).
    • PPL: Pressure surrounding the lung (pleural pressure).
    • PA: Pressure within the alveoli.
  • Transpulmonary Pressure (Ptp) = PA - PPL.
  • Transmural Pressure (Pw) = PPL-PB.
  • Compliance: Measure of lung elasticity; slope of the pressure-volume curve (AV/AP).
    • High compliance: lungs expand easily.
    • Low compliance: lungs resist expansion.
  • Elastic recoil: tendency of the lung to return to its original size.
  • Surface tension: contributes to elastic recoil (in alveoli), lowering it is crucial.

Static Lung Mechanics- Surface Tension

  • Elastic properties (e.g., elastin, collagen) are responsible for some elastic recoil, but surface tension is the other significant factor.
  • Law of Laplace: pressure in alveoli is directly proportional to surface tension and inversely proportional to the radius.

Surfactant

  • Mixture of phospholipids, lipids, fatty acids, and proteins, secreted by type II pneumocytes.
  • Reduces surface tension in alveoli; preventing collapse (especially at the end of exhalation).
  • Keeps alveoli inflated, especially smaller ones.

Clinical Applications

  • Premature births: surfactant production begins late, causing issues with inflating lungs.
  • Pulmonary volumes and capacities:
    • Tidal volume (TV): volume of air inhaled or exhaled in a single breath.
    • Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV): extra volume of air above the normal tidal breath.
    • Expiratory reserve volume (ERV): extra volume of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal breath.
    • Residual volume (RV): volume of air remaining in lungs after maximal exhalation.
    • Functional residual capacity (FRC): volume of air in lungs at end of normal exhalation (ERV+RV).
    • Inspiratory capacity (IC): maximum volume of air that can be inhaled (TV+IRV).
    • Vital capacity (VC) : total volume of air that can be exchanged during a breath (TV+IRV+ERV).
    • Total lung capacity (TLC): total volume of air lungs can contain (VC+RV).
  • Obstructive pulmonary disease: Characterized by increased airway resistance.
  • Restrictive pulmonary disease: Characterized by decreased lung compliance related to decreased surface area available for gas exchange (e.g., pulmonary fibrosis).

Control of Respiration

  • Regulation of bronchial/bronchiolar smooth muscle: contraction → bronchoconstriction, relaxation → bronchodilation.
  • Respiratory center in the brain:
    • Sensors (chemoreceptors in the lungs and other areas) detect changes in O2, CO2, and pH.
    • Effectors (respiratory muscles like diaphragm, intercostal, and abdominal muscles) respond to the sensors to regulate ventilation.
  • Summary for control of respiration:
    • Parasympathetic system generally causes bronchoconstriction.
    • Sympathetic system generally causes bronchodilation.
  • Regulation of respiration:
    • Mechanoreceptors: (stretch receptors in bronchial airways) Prevent overstretching of the lung and pulmonary rupture.
    • Chemoreceptors: detect changes in CO2 and O2 and help regulate breathing.

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Ch4 Respiratory Systems Summer 2023 PDF

Description

This quiz covers key concepts of the respiratory system, including gas exchange mechanisms and the control of respiration. It analyzes external and internal respiration processes, as well as the four essential steps of respiration. Ideal for students in the physiology course during the Summer semester of 2023/2024.

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