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Questions and Answers
Will a flexion reflex occur if the skin of the foot is removed after immersion in a weak acid solution?
Will a flexion reflex occur if the skin of the foot is removed after immersion in a weak acid solution?
Which reflexes restore the natural state and are part of the medulla oblongata's rectifier reflexes?
Which reflexes restore the natural state and are part of the medulla oblongata's rectifier reflexes?
What reflexes help maintain equilibrium in a reclined position for workers on spinning machines?
What reflexes help maintain equilibrium in a reclined position for workers on spinning machines?
What property of nerve centers allows a person to still see the outline of a window frame briefly after closing their eyes?
What property of nerve centers allows a person to still see the outline of a window frame briefly after closing their eyes?
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Through which structures in the CNS is spinal reflex inhibition achieved during irritation of the optic tubercles?
Through which structures in the CNS is spinal reflex inhibition achieved during irritation of the optic tubercles?
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What mediator is produced in the endings of preganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic system?
What mediator is produced in the endings of preganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic system?
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What will occur in an experimental animal if the reticular formation is destroyed or suppressed?
What will occur in an experimental animal if the reticular formation is destroyed or suppressed?
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What happens when the anterior horns of the spinal cord are affected?
What happens when the anterior horns of the spinal cord are affected?
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If tone audiometry shows a sharp increase in the threshold for sounds in the 15,000-20,000 Hz range, what is the most likely location of damage?
If tone audiometry shows a sharp increase in the threshold for sounds in the 15,000-20,000 Hz range, what is the most likely location of damage?
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What type of reflex is demonstrated when a monkey reacts differently to the sound of a buzzer in various rooms?
What type of reflex is demonstrated when a monkey reacts differently to the sound of a buzzer in various rooms?
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What occurs if the optic tracts are cut at the optic nerve crossing on the left side?
What occurs if the optic tracts are cut at the optic nerve crossing on the left side?
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What type of inhibition occurs when flexor motoneurons are excited and extensor motoneurons are inhibited?
What type of inhibition occurs when flexor motoneurons are excited and extensor motoneurons are inhibited?
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What type of glasses are needed to correct myopia?
What type of glasses are needed to correct myopia?
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Reflex cardiac arrest when irritating abdominal organ receptors is an example of which type of reflex?
Reflex cardiac arrest when irritating abdominal organ receptors is an example of which type of reflex?
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What is a multimodal sensation?
What is a multimodal sensation?
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What physiological mechanism is primarily responsible for the manifestation of memory?
What physiological mechanism is primarily responsible for the manifestation of memory?
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If airborne sound conduction is impaired but bone conduction is intact, where is the lesion localized?
If airborne sound conduction is impaired but bone conduction is intact, where is the lesion localized?
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Which department of the CNS is involved primarily in the formation of voluntary movements?
Which department of the CNS is involved primarily in the formation of voluntary movements?
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What is the primary concern if an EEG shows delta rhythm in all leads?
What is the primary concern if an EEG shows delta rhythm in all leads?
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The physiological mechanism that demonstrates a decrease or cessation of function is called what?
The physiological mechanism that demonstrates a decrease or cessation of function is called what?
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A patient experiences pain and temperature sensitivity loss on the right side, plus paralysis on the left side. Where is the lesion mostly located?
A patient experiences pain and temperature sensitivity loss on the right side, plus paralysis on the left side. Where is the lesion mostly located?
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Which neurotransmitter mediates preganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers?
Which neurotransmitter mediates preganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers?
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What type of reflex ensures the maintenance of body posture during different positions?
What type of reflex ensures the maintenance of body posture during different positions?
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Which type of fibers conduct impulses the fastest?
Which type of fibers conduct impulses the fastest?
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What describes the law of conduction of excitation along a nerve fiber?
What describes the law of conduction of excitation along a nerve fiber?
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What is a physiological property of synapses?
What is a physiological property of synapses?
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Where does excitation conduct to the nerve center?
Where does excitation conduct to the nerve center?
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Which part of the spinal cord is involved in the ulnar reflex?
Which part of the spinal cord is involved in the ulnar reflex?
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Which is NOT a component of a reflex arc?
Which is NOT a component of a reflex arc?
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What aspect characterizes unconditioned reflexes?
What aspect characterizes unconditioned reflexes?
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Which centers are NOT contained within the medulla oblongata?
Which centers are NOT contained within the medulla oblongata?
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What feature characterizes a person's sense of taste impairment when excited?
What feature characterizes a person's sense of taste impairment when excited?
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What accurately describes conditioned reflexes?
What accurately describes conditioned reflexes?
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The center involved in regulating body balance and movement is the:
The center involved in regulating body balance and movement is the:
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What phenomenon explains why one feels two peas when rolling a pea with crossed fingers?
What phenomenon explains why one feels two peas when rolling a pea with crossed fingers?
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What factor influences the rate of conduction of excitation in nerve fibers?
What factor influences the rate of conduction of excitation in nerve fibers?
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What is a physiological property of chemical synapses?
What is a physiological property of chemical synapses?
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Which structures are included in the outer ear?
Which structures are included in the outer ear?
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Which receptors are activated during rotational movement on a merry-go-round that causes nausea and increased sweating?
Which receptors are activated during rotational movement on a merry-go-round that causes nausea and increased sweating?
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What taste is primarily detected by receptors at the root of the tongue?
What taste is primarily detected by receptors at the root of the tongue?
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Where is the cortical section of the visual analyzer located?
Where is the cortical section of the visual analyzer located?
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Which temperament is characterized by unbalanced and unrestrained higher nervous activity?
Which temperament is characterized by unbalanced and unrestrained higher nervous activity?
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What occurs experimentally when the cerebrum between the midbrain and medulla oblongata is severed?
What occurs experimentally when the cerebrum between the midbrain and medulla oblongata is severed?
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What happens when the sympathetic nerves innervating the parotid salivary gland are transected?
What happens when the sympathetic nerves innervating the parotid salivary gland are transected?
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Which type of reflexes will be preserved if a transection is made between the medulla oblongata and the spinal cord?
Which type of reflexes will be preserved if a transection is made between the medulla oblongata and the spinal cord?
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Which type of inhibition was discovered by M.I. Sechenov during an experiment to determine reflex time?
Which type of inhibition was discovered by M.I. Sechenov during an experiment to determine reflex time?
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What is the ability of the eye to distinguish very small details referred to as?
What is the ability of the eye to distinguish very small details referred to as?
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Which components constitute the second signaling system?
Which components constitute the second signaling system?
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Which nerve fibers are related when salivation is affected upon transection of sympathetic nerves?
Which nerve fibers are related when salivation is affected upon transection of sympathetic nerves?
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What is the primary characteristic of the first signaling system?
What is the primary characteristic of the first signaling system?
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What is the basis of a reflex action?
What is the basis of a reflex action?
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Where are the neurons involved in the human knee reflex primarily localized?
Where are the neurons involved in the human knee reflex primarily localized?
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Which of the following substances is considered an inhibitory mediator?
Which of the following substances is considered an inhibitory mediator?
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What principle explains the interaction of neurons regulating antagonist muscle activity?
What principle explains the interaction of neurons regulating antagonist muscle activity?
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Where are the centers of the parasympathetic section of the autonomic nervous system located?
Where are the centers of the parasympathetic section of the autonomic nervous system located?
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What is the minimum weight gain necessary for a subject to notice a change when lifting a 3 kg weight?
What is the minimum weight gain necessary for a subject to notice a change when lifting a 3 kg weight?
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The physiological basis of speech and thinking is primarily related to which signaling system?
The physiological basis of speech and thinking is primarily related to which signaling system?
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What phenomenon occurs when a conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without an unconditioned stimulus?
What phenomenon occurs when a conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without an unconditioned stimulus?
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What role do calcium ions play at chemical synapses?
What role do calcium ions play at chemical synapses?
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Which type of vision impairment is indicated by a lack of perception of the color red?
Which type of vision impairment is indicated by a lack of perception of the color red?
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What happens to the knee reflex arc at the level of the L2-L4 spinal segments?
What happens to the knee reflex arc at the level of the L2-L4 spinal segments?
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What does the presence of a β-rhythm on an electroencephalogram indicate?
What does the presence of a β-rhythm on an electroencephalogram indicate?
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Study Notes
Physiology Questions and Answers
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Flexion Reflex in Spinal Frog: A flexion reflex induced in a spinal frog by foot immersion in a weak acid solution will not occur if the foot skin is removed.
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Rectifier Reflexes of Medulla Oblongata: These reflexes, restoring natural states, involve both vasoconstrictor and tonic reflexes.
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Female Loom Workers' Posture and Equilibrium: Stabilization reflexes help maintain equilibrium in a reclined working posture.
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Staring and Afterimage: The phenomenon of seeing an image after staring at a fixed object is explained by sensory adaptation.
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Inhibition of Spinal Reflexes by Optic Tubercle Irritation: Inhibition of spinal reflexes during irritation of the optic tubercles with salt is mediated by Renshaw cells.
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Parasympathetic Preganglionic Mediator: Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter produced in the endings of preganglionic parasympathetic neurons.
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Reticular Formation Destruction: Destruction or suppression of the reticular formation in an experimental animal leads to long sleep.
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Anterior Horns of Spinal Cord Damage: Damage to anterior horns results in reduced reflex activity and complete loss of movement and muscle tone.
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Vestibular Analyzer's Adequate Stimulus: The adequate stimulus for vestibular analyzer receptors is mechanical pressure.
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Color Vision Experiment: A conditioned reflex to one color (green) and differentiation to another (red) with varying brightness demonstrates the animal's ability to distinguish based on brightness—not necessarily color vision.
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Optic Tract Injury: Cutting the optic tracts on the left side of the eye results in partial vision loss in the left eye (the right eye's images are unaffected).
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Audiometry and High-Frequency Hearing Loss: A sharp increase in sound perception threshold in the 15,000-20,000 Hz range suggests damage to the cochlea/a part of the snail.
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Perceptible Weight Gain: To notice a weight gain, a 300g weight needs a 3g+ increase.
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Cutaneous Analyzer Lesion: A patient with loss of pain/temperature on the right and paralysis on the left has damage in the spinal cord on the right side.
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Assessing Occipital Lobe Damage: MRI and, to a lesser degree, perimetry would be used to evaluate functional damage to the occipital lobe.
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Airborne Sound Conduction Impairment: Middle ear issues (but not cochlear/inner ear) can cause impaired airborne sound conduction but not bone conduction.
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EEG Usage: EEG measures electrical activity of the brain.
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Monkey's Room-Dependent Sound Responses: The monkey's different reactions in various rooms reflect a conditioned reflex dependent on room conditions.
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Cerebral Cortex Removal and Conditioned Reflexes: Removing the cerebral cortex abolishes the conditioned reflex.
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Chemical Temporal Coupling in Memory: Evidence points to synaptic plasticity and a change in synaptic efficiency as the major mechanisms explaining memory.
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Inhibition During Positive Conditioned Reflex Experiment: Repeated presentation of a conditioned stimulus without reinforcement produces extinction inhibition.
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Physiological Mechanisms Underlying Memory: Synaptic plasticity is a primary physiological mechanism underlying the expression of memory.
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Higher Nervous Activity Types and Temperament: Phlegmatic temperament corresponds to an inert type of higher nervous activity.
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EEG Readings and Sleep: An EEG showing only delta rhythm in all leads strongly suggests the person is asleep.
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Reflex Cardiac Arrest Irritation: Goltz's reflex explains reflex cardiac arrest with abdominal organ irritation.
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Internal organ irritation impacting skin sensitivity: The reflex is a viscerosensory reflex.
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Decrease or cessation of physiological function: The process is referred to as inhibition.
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Flexor-Extensor Inhibition: The inhibition of extensor motoneurons when flexor motoneurons are stimulated is a reciprocal inhibition.
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Multimodal Sensation: Touch is a multimodal sensation.
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Myopia Correction: Myopia is corrected with concave lenses.
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Tactile Sensitivity Comparison: Skin of the back has the lowest tactile sensitivity.
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Higher Nervous Activity Manifestations: Higher nervous activity involves speech, thinking, and consciousness.
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Conditioned Reflex Example: Running to class when the bell rings is an example of a conditioned reflex.
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Leading Department for Voluntary Movement: Areas of the motor cortex form voluntary movements.
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Statokinetic Reflex Center: Cerbellum forms statokinetic reflexes.
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Conduction Rate Differences in Nerve Fibers: Differences in fiber thickness and myelination account for various rates of nerve impulse conduction.
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Chemical Synapse Property: Ability to transmit electrical signals is a specific property of a chemical synapse.
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Outer Ear Structures: The outer ear consists of the external auditory canal and the eardrum.
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Inner Ear Receptor Activation: Nausea, vomiting, and sweating during rotation are from activating the vestibular semicircular canals.
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Tongue Root Taste: The root of the tongue detects bitter taste.
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Visual Analyzer Cortical Location: The visual analyzer's cortical section is located in the occipital lobe.
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Speech Functions: Speech connects, informs, regulates.
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Memory Types: Types of memory include short-term, long-term, procedural, declarative, working, explicit, implicit, and sensory.
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Higher Nervous Activity Temperaments: Choleric temperament has a strong unbalanced higher nervous activity.
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Melancholy Temperament Characteristics: Melancholy is characterized by shyness, insecurity, and exaggerated emotional responses to minor events.
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Decerebratory Rigidity and Brainstem Transection: Decerebratory rigidity occurs with a transection above the red nucleus.
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Brainstem Hemorrhage and Muscle Tone: A brainstem hemorrhage causing increased flexor tone and decreased extensor tone suggests red nucleus irritation.
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Visual Acuity Definition: The ability to see fine detail clearly is called visual acuity.
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Rhodopsin Breakdown: Light causes rhodopsin breakdown into retinal and opsin.
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Cerebral Hemisphere Removal and Effect: Removal of cerebral hemispheres in an animal abolishes the conditioned reflex.
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Cat Experiment with Cerebrum Removal: Severing the cerebrum between the midbrain and medulla oblongata in a cat leads to decerebrate rigidity.
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Pain Perception Sound Wave Threshold: Pain from sound waves is noticeable above 120 dB.
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Reflexes Following Brainstem Transection: Removing the pathways between the medulla and spinal cord preserves spinal cord reflexes.
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Vestibular Analyzer Peripheral Structure: Semicircular tubes located in the inner ear form part of the peripheral vestibular analyzer.
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Turk Reflex Time and Optic Tubercle Stimulation: Applying salt crystals to the optic tubercles initially increases then reduces spinal cord reflexes (central, discovered by Sechenov).
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Parotid Salivary Gland Transection and Nerve Fiber Type: Transecting the sympathetic nerves to the parotid gland stops salivation, indicating that the transected nerves are adrenergic.
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Saliva Analysis and Nerve Stimulation: A clear, organic-matter-deficient saliva from a ductus glandularis fistula suggests norepinephrine release at nerve irritation.
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Vascular Conditioned Reflex Method: Danini-Ashner method is used to study vascular conditioned reflexes.
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Conditioned Reflex Classification: Conditioned reflexes are classified by biological significance (protection, adaptation, reproduction).
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Conditioned Reflex Centers: Conditioned reflexes' centers are located in the cortex.
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Cortical Inhibition Method: EEG, TMS, and reflex testing are used to study cortical inhibition.
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Higher Nervous Activity (HNA) Types in Humans: Logical, emotional, and physical are types of HNA in humans.
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Second Signaling System: The second signaling system involves words, unique to humans.
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First Signaling System: The first signaling system involves external stimuli, shared by humans and animals.
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Reflex Morphological Basis: Synaptic transmission between neurons is the crucial part.
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Knee Reflex Neuron Location: Neurons involved in the knee reflex are in lumbar spine segments.
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Inhibitory Mediators: GABA and glycine are examples.
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Antagonist Muscle Regulation: Neuron interaction is by reciprocal inhibition.
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Parasympathetic Nervous System Centers: Medulla oblongata and brainstem contain parasympathetic centers.
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Autonomic Nervous System Evaluation: Blood pressure and skin temperature measurements are used.
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Sleep-Wake Transition Induction: Irritation of the reticular formation, among other ways.
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Cerebellum Function: The cerebellum plays a role in muscle tone and rapid movements.
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Color Blindness: Protanopia, deuteranopia, tritanopia, and achromatopsia are types of color blindness.
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Weight Change Perception: A 3kg weight change needs a gain of 10g+.
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Visual Function Impaired: Impaired distance and relief perception point to binocular vision defect.
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Semicircular Canal Receptor Response: Angular acceleration stimulates semicircular canal receptors.
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Inferior Tubercle of Quadrigeminal Bodies and Sensory Input: Visual information goes to the inferior tubercles.
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Barany Test and Analyzer Function: Vestibular balance is assessed by Barany's test.
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Synaptic Mediator Release: Calcium ions are critical for releasing neurotransmitters.
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Cortical Involvement in Complex Functions: The cortex is vital for complex processing, learning, and decision making.
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Unconditioned vs. Conditioned Reflexes: Unconditioned reflexes are innate, while conditioned reflexes are learned and adaptive.
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Complex Reflex Development: Presenting several conditioned stimuli in a series, each reinforced by the unconditioned stimulus, will produce a complex (1st-order) reflex.
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Post-Extinction Inhibition: Repeated presentation without reinforcement after a conditioned reflex is formed leads to extinction.
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Physiological Basis of Speech and Thinking: The second signaling system, involving language, is fundamental.
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EEG Rhythm and Brain State: A β-rhythm in an EEG indicates thought work/alert brain activity.
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Inhibition Types: Active inhibition of eating from a stranger's presence.
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Second Signaling System Reaction: A reaction associated with the second signaling system is speech.
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Knee Reflex Arc Spinal Cord Segment: The knee reflex arc closes at L2-L4.
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Achilles Reflex Arc Spinal Cord Segment: The Achilles tendon reflex arc closes at S1-S2.
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Rapid Nerve Center Fatigue: Fatigue occurs due to a variety of factors, including the depletion of neurotransmitter reserves, decreased sensitivity of postsynaptic membranes, and decreased energy/protein resources.
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Presynaptic Inhibition Mechanism: Hyperpolarization is the mechanism of presynaptic inhibition.
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Sympathetic Preganglionic Mediator: The mediator of preganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers is acetylcholine.
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Postural Reflex Types: Static reflexes enable posture maintenance in different positions.
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Fastest Impulse Conduction Fibers: Alpha fibers conduct impulses most rapidly.
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Synaptic Properties: Synapses are unidirectional, have a delay in conduction speed due to neurotransmitters, exhibit varying excitability, and have a predisposition to fatigue.
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Excitation Pathway to Nerve Center: Excitation enters the nerve center through the afferent section.
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Ulnar Reflex Arc Spinal Cord Segment: The ulnar reflex arc closes at the C7-C8 spinal cord segment.
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Non-reflex Arc Component: Glia is not a component of the reflex arc.
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Nerve Center Excitation Effect: Excitation from nerve centers stimulates the efferent section along with other processes.
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Reflex Time Definition: The total time from stimulus application to response onset is termed the reflex time.
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Dominance and Excitation: The dominance concept signifies that one neural center's excitation is overriding.
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Medulla Oblongata Functions: Medulla oblongata contains sympathetic, respiratory, cardiovascular, and digestive centers.
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Spinal Cord Inhibitory Cells: Renshaw cells are inhibitory within the spinal cord.
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Medulla Oblongata Component Exclusion: Cerebral Cortex is not a part of medulla oblongata.
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Parasympathetic Neuron Location: The second neuron of the parasympathetic system is located within peripheral ganglia.
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Unconditioned Reflex Features: Unconditioned reflexes are innate, fixed responses to specific stimuli.
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Analyzer Departments: The analyzer has receptive, transmitting, and central parts.
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Tongue Tip Taste: The tip of the tongue detects sweet taste.
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Pain Sensation Location: Pain sensation occurs at multiple levels of function, including the thalamus and spinal cord.
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Hearing Center Location: The auditory center in the cerebral cortex is in the temporal lobe.
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Vestibular Analyzer Receptor Section: The semicircular canals act as essential receptors.
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Visual Analyzer Conducting Section: The conducting section of the visual analyzer includes retina and optic nerve.
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Uncrossed vs. Crossed Finger Touch Sensation: This is explained by monocular vision.
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Presbyopia and Age-Related Reading Distance: Presbyopia is vision difficulty with near objects in older people.
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Excitement and Taste: Excitement affects taste by inhibiting saliva production, leading to dryness and taste disruption.*
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Instinct Definition: Instinct, per Pavlov, involves nutritional, defensive, and sexual drives.
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Distinguishing Unconditioned and Conditioned Reflexes: Unconditioned reflexes are innate and stable whilst conditioned reflexes are learned and adaptable.
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Types of Higher Nervous Activity: Examples of higher nervous activity (HNA) types are strong unbalanced (choleric), strong balanced (sanguine), weak unbalanced (melancholic), and weak balanced (phlegmatic) temperaments.
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Balance and Coordination Centre: These functions primarily rely on the cerebellum.
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Hunger Center Location: The hunger center is located in the hypothalamus.
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Test your knowledge on key principles of physiology with this quiz. Questions cover reflexes, neurotransmitters, and sensory phenomena, highlighting the relationship between physiological processes and their implications. Perfect for students and enthusiasts looking to deepen their understanding of physiological functions.
