Physiology Questions and Answers

Physiology Questions and Answers

• Flexion Reflex in Spinal Frog: A flexion reflex induced in a spinal frog by foot immersion in a weak acid solution will not occur if the foot skin is removed.

• Rectifier Reflexes of Medulla Oblongata: These reflexes, restoring natural states, involve both vasoconstrictor and tonic reflexes.

• Female Loom Workers' Posture and Equilibrium: Stabilization reflexes help maintain equilibrium in a reclined working posture.

• Staring and Afterimage: The phenomenon of seeing an image after staring at a fixed object is explained by sensory adaptation.

• Inhibition of Spinal Reflexes by Optic Tubercle Irritation: Inhibition of spinal reflexes during irritation of the optic tubercles with salt is mediated by Renshaw cells.

• Parasympathetic Preganglionic Mediator: Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter produced in the endings of preganglionic parasympathetic neurons.

• Reticular Formation Destruction: Destruction or suppression of the reticular formation in an experimental animal leads to long sleep.

• Anterior Horns of Spinal Cord Damage: Damage to anterior horns results in reduced reflex activity and complete loss of movement and muscle tone.

• Vestibular Analyzer's Adequate Stimulus: The adequate stimulus for vestibular analyzer receptors is mechanical pressure.

• Color Vision Experiment: A conditioned reflex to one color (green) and differentiation to another (red) with varying brightness demonstrates the animal's ability to distinguish based on brightness—not necessarily color vision.

• Optic Tract Injury: Cutting the optic tracts on the left side of the eye results in partial vision loss in the left eye (the right eye's images are unaffected).

• Audiometry and High-Frequency Hearing Loss: A sharp increase in sound perception threshold in the 15,000-20,000 Hz range suggests damage to the cochlea/a part of the snail.

• Perceptible Weight Gain: To notice a weight gain, a 300g weight needs a 3g+ increase.

• Cutaneous Analyzer Lesion: A patient with loss of pain/temperature on the right and paralysis on the left has damage in the spinal cord on the right side.

• Assessing Occipital Lobe Damage: MRI and, to a lesser degree, perimetry would be used to evaluate functional damage to the occipital lobe.

• Airborne Sound Conduction Impairment: Middle ear issues (but not cochlear/inner ear) can cause impaired airborne sound conduction but not bone conduction.

• EEG Usage: EEG measures electrical activity of the brain.

• Monkey's Room-Dependent Sound Responses: The monkey's different reactions in various rooms reflect a conditioned reflex dependent on room conditions.

• Cerebral Cortex Removal and Conditioned Reflexes: Removing the cerebral cortex abolishes the conditioned reflex.

• Chemical Temporal Coupling in Memory: Evidence points to synaptic plasticity and a change in synaptic efficiency as the major mechanisms explaining memory.

• Inhibition During Positive Conditioned Reflex Experiment: Repeated presentation of a conditioned stimulus without reinforcement produces extinction inhibition.

• Physiological Mechanisms Underlying Memory: Synaptic plasticity is a primary physiological mechanism underlying the expression of memory.

• Higher Nervous Activity Types and Temperament: Phlegmatic temperament corresponds to an inert type of higher nervous activity.

• EEG Readings and Sleep: An EEG showing only delta rhythm in all leads strongly suggests the person is asleep.

• Reflex Cardiac Arrest Irritation: Goltz's reflex explains reflex cardiac arrest with abdominal organ irritation.

• Internal organ irritation impacting skin sensitivity: The reflex is a viscerosensory reflex.

• Decrease or cessation of physiological function: The process is referred to as inhibition.

• Flexor-Extensor Inhibition: The inhibition of extensor motoneurons when flexor motoneurons are stimulated is a reciprocal inhibition.

• Multimodal Sensation: Touch is a multimodal sensation.

• Myopia Correction: Myopia is corrected with concave lenses.

• Tactile Sensitivity Comparison: Skin of the back has the lowest tactile sensitivity.

• Higher Nervous Activity Manifestations: Higher nervous activity involves speech, thinking, and consciousness.

• Conditioned Reflex Example: Running to class when the bell rings is an example of a conditioned reflex.

• Leading Department for Voluntary Movement: Areas of the motor cortex form voluntary movements.

• Statokinetic Reflex Center: Cerbellum forms statokinetic reflexes.

• Conduction Rate Differences in Nerve Fibers: Differences in fiber thickness and myelination account for various rates of nerve impulse conduction.

• Chemical Synapse Property: Ability to transmit electrical signals is a specific property of a chemical synapse.

• Outer Ear Structures: The outer ear consists of the external auditory canal and the eardrum.

• Inner Ear Receptor Activation: Nausea, vomiting, and sweating during rotation are from activating the vestibular semicircular canals.

• Tongue Root Taste: The root of the tongue detects bitter taste.

• Visual Analyzer Cortical Location: The visual analyzer's cortical section is located in the occipital lobe.

• Speech Functions: Speech connects, informs, regulates.

• Memory Types: Types of memory include short-term, long-term, procedural, declarative, working, explicit, implicit, and sensory.

• Higher Nervous Activity Temperaments: Choleric temperament has a strong unbalanced higher nervous activity.

• Melancholy Temperament Characteristics: Melancholy is characterized by shyness, insecurity, and exaggerated emotional responses to minor events.

• Decerebratory Rigidity and Brainstem Transection: Decerebratory rigidity occurs with a transection above the red nucleus.

• Brainstem Hemorrhage and Muscle Tone: A brainstem hemorrhage causing increased flexor tone and decreased extensor tone suggests red nucleus irritation.

• Visual Acuity Definition: The ability to see fine detail clearly is called visual acuity.

• Rhodopsin Breakdown: Light causes rhodopsin breakdown into retinal and opsin.

• Cerebral Hemisphere Removal and Effect: Removal of cerebral hemispheres in an animal abolishes the conditioned reflex.

• Cat Experiment with Cerebrum Removal: Severing the cerebrum between the midbrain and medulla oblongata in a cat leads to decerebrate rigidity.

• Pain Perception Sound Wave Threshold: Pain from sound waves is noticeable above 120 dB.

• Reflexes Following Brainstem Transection: Removing the pathways between the medulla and spinal cord preserves spinal cord reflexes.

• Vestibular Analyzer Peripheral Structure: Semicircular tubes located in the inner ear form part of the peripheral vestibular analyzer.

• Turk Reflex Time and Optic Tubercle Stimulation: Applying salt crystals to the optic tubercles initially increases then reduces spinal cord reflexes (central, discovered by Sechenov).

• Parotid Salivary Gland Transection and Nerve Fiber Type: Transecting the sympathetic nerves to the parotid gland stops salivation, indicating that the transected nerves are adrenergic.

• Saliva Analysis and Nerve Stimulation: A clear, organic-matter-deficient saliva from a ductus glandularis fistula suggests norepinephrine release at nerve irritation.

• Vascular Conditioned Reflex Method: Danini-Ashner method is used to study vascular conditioned reflexes.

• Conditioned Reflex Classification: Conditioned reflexes are classified by biological significance (protection, adaptation, reproduction).

• Conditioned Reflex Centers: Conditioned reflexes' centers are located in the cortex.

• Cortical Inhibition Method: EEG, TMS, and reflex testing are used to study cortical inhibition.

• Higher Nervous Activity (HNA) Types in Humans: Logical, emotional, and physical are types of HNA in humans.

• Second Signaling System: The second signaling system involves words, unique to humans.

• First Signaling System: The first signaling system involves external stimuli, shared by humans and animals.

• Reflex Morphological Basis: Synaptic transmission between neurons is the crucial part.

• Knee Reflex Neuron Location: Neurons involved in the knee reflex are in lumbar spine segments.

• Inhibitory Mediators: GABA and glycine are examples.

• Antagonist Muscle Regulation: Neuron interaction is by reciprocal inhibition.

• Parasympathetic Nervous System Centers: Medulla oblongata and brainstem contain parasympathetic centers.

• Autonomic Nervous System Evaluation: Blood pressure and skin temperature measurements are used.

• Sleep-Wake Transition Induction: Irritation of the reticular formation, among other ways.

• Cerebellum Function: The cerebellum plays a role in muscle tone and rapid movements.

• Color Blindness: Protanopia, deuteranopia, tritanopia, and achromatopsia are types of color blindness.

• Weight Change Perception: A 3kg weight change needs a gain of 10g+.

• Visual Function Impaired: Impaired distance and relief perception point to binocular vision defect.

• Semicircular Canal Receptor Response: Angular acceleration stimulates semicircular canal receptors.

• Inferior Tubercle of Quadrigeminal Bodies and Sensory Input: Visual information goes to the inferior tubercles.

• Barany Test and Analyzer Function: Vestibular balance is assessed by Barany's test.

• Synaptic Mediator Release: Calcium ions are critical for releasing neurotransmitters.

• Cortical Involvement in Complex Functions: The cortex is vital for complex processing, learning, and decision making.

• Unconditioned vs. Conditioned Reflexes: Unconditioned reflexes are innate, while conditioned reflexes are learned and adaptive.

• Complex Reflex Development: Presenting several conditioned stimuli in a series, each reinforced by the unconditioned stimulus, will produce a complex (1st-order) reflex.

• Post-Extinction Inhibition: Repeated presentation without reinforcement after a conditioned reflex is formed leads to extinction.

• Physiological Basis of Speech and Thinking: The second signaling system, involving language, is fundamental.

• EEG Rhythm and Brain State: A β-rhythm in an EEG indicates thought work/alert brain activity.

• Inhibition Types: Active inhibition of eating from a stranger's presence.

• Second Signaling System Reaction: A reaction associated with the second signaling system is speech.

• Knee Reflex Arc Spinal Cord Segment: The knee reflex arc closes at L2-L4.

• Achilles Reflex Arc Spinal Cord Segment: The Achilles tendon reflex arc closes at S1-S2.

• Rapid Nerve Center Fatigue: Fatigue occurs due to a variety of factors, including the depletion of neurotransmitter reserves, decreased sensitivity of postsynaptic membranes, and decreased energy/protein resources.

• Presynaptic Inhibition Mechanism: Hyperpolarization is the mechanism of presynaptic inhibition.

• Sympathetic Preganglionic Mediator: The mediator of preganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers is acetylcholine.

• Postural Reflex Types: Static reflexes enable posture maintenance in different positions.

• Fastest Impulse Conduction Fibers: Alpha fibers conduct impulses most rapidly.

• Synaptic Properties: Synapses are unidirectional, have a delay in conduction speed due to neurotransmitters, exhibit varying excitability, and have a predisposition to fatigue.

• Excitation Pathway to Nerve Center: Excitation enters the nerve center through the afferent section.

• Ulnar Reflex Arc Spinal Cord Segment: The ulnar reflex arc closes at the C7-C8 spinal cord segment.

• Non-reflex Arc Component: Glia is not a component of the reflex arc.

• Nerve Center Excitation Effect: Excitation from nerve centers stimulates the efferent section along with other processes.

• Reflex Time Definition: The total time from stimulus application to response onset is termed the reflex time.

• Dominance and Excitation: The dominance concept signifies that one neural center's excitation is overriding.

• Medulla Oblongata Functions: Medulla oblongata contains sympathetic, respiratory, cardiovascular, and digestive centers.

• Spinal Cord Inhibitory Cells: Renshaw cells are inhibitory within the spinal cord.

• Medulla Oblongata Component Exclusion: Cerebral Cortex is not a part of medulla oblongata.

• Parasympathetic Neuron Location: The second neuron of the parasympathetic system is located within peripheral ganglia.

• Unconditioned Reflex Features: Unconditioned reflexes are innate, fixed responses to specific stimuli.

• Analyzer Departments: The analyzer has receptive, transmitting, and central parts.

• Tongue Tip Taste: The tip of the tongue detects sweet taste.

• Pain Sensation Location: Pain sensation occurs at multiple levels of function, including the thalamus and spinal cord.

• Hearing Center Location: The auditory center in the cerebral cortex is in the temporal lobe.

• Vestibular Analyzer Receptor Section: The semicircular canals act as essential receptors.

• Visual Analyzer Conducting Section: The conducting section of the visual analyzer includes retina and optic nerve.

• Uncrossed vs. Crossed Finger Touch Sensation: This is explained by monocular vision.

• Presbyopia and Age-Related Reading Distance: Presbyopia is vision difficulty with near objects in older people.

• Excitement and Taste: Excitement affects taste by inhibiting saliva production, leading to dryness and taste disruption.*

• Instinct Definition: Instinct, per Pavlov, involves nutritional, defensive, and sexual drives.

• Distinguishing Unconditioned and Conditioned Reflexes: Unconditioned reflexes are innate and stable whilst conditioned reflexes are learned and adaptable.

• Types of Higher Nervous Activity: Examples of higher nervous activity (HNA) types are strong unbalanced (choleric), strong balanced (sanguine), weak unbalanced (melancholic), and weak balanced (phlegmatic) temperaments.

• Balance and Coordination Centre: These functions primarily rely on the cerebellum.

• Hunger Center Location: The hunger center is located in the hypothalamus.