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Questions and Answers
What does cardiac output measure?
What does cardiac output measure?
- The force of heart contractions
- The oxygen content in the blood
- The rate of heartbeats per minute
- The volume of blood pumped by the heart (correct)
To which part of the skeletal muscle does the all-or-none law apply?
To which part of the skeletal muscle does the all-or-none law apply?
- The muscle tendon
- A single muscle fiber (correct)
- The neuromuscular junction
- The entire muscle group
Which of the following accurately describes cardiac output?
Which of the following accurately describes cardiac output?
- It indicates the heart's ability to pump blood efficiently. (correct)
- It is the total volume of blood in the body.
- It is measured in liters per hour.
- It represents the pressure of blood in the arteries.
What is the unit of measurement for cardiac output?
What is the unit of measurement for cardiac output?
Which statement regarding skeletal muscle and the all-or-none law is true?
Which statement regarding skeletal muscle and the all-or-none law is true?
What is the primary function of the lumbar arteries?
What is the primary function of the lumbar arteries?
Which artery is responsible for supplying blood to the lower extremities?
Which artery is responsible for supplying blood to the lower extremities?
What does the internal iliac artery primarily supply?
What does the internal iliac artery primarily supply?
What anatomical structure does NOT receive blood supply from the external iliac artery?
What anatomical structure does NOT receive blood supply from the external iliac artery?
Which statement accurately reflects the function of lumbar arteries and their connection to other arteries?
Which statement accurately reflects the function of lumbar arteries and their connection to other arteries?
What does mean circulatory filling pressure (MCFP) refer to?
What does mean circulatory filling pressure (MCFP) refer to?
How does ventricular compliance affect end-diastolic volume (EDV)?
How does ventricular compliance affect end-diastolic volume (EDV)?
What is the typical value of mean circulatory filling pressure (MCFP)?
What is the typical value of mean circulatory filling pressure (MCFP)?
What is the relationship between ventricular stiffness and EDV?
What is the relationship between ventricular stiffness and EDV?
Which of the following statements about end-diastolic volume (EDV) is true?
Which of the following statements about end-diastolic volume (EDV) is true?
What happens to stroke volume (SV) when heart contractions are more forceful?
What happens to stroke volume (SV) when heart contractions are more forceful?
What is indicated by a lower end-systolic volume (ESV)?
What is indicated by a lower end-systolic volume (ESV)?
What does the term 'inotropic' refer to in cardiovascular physiology?
What does the term 'inotropic' refer to in cardiovascular physiology?
How do forceful heart contractions affect blood volume in the ventricle?
How do forceful heart contractions affect blood volume in the ventricle?
Which of the following relationships is correct regarding heart contractions and stroke volume?
Which of the following relationships is correct regarding heart contractions and stroke volume?
What does the length of the arrow in a vector represent during the cardiac cycle?
What does the length of the arrow in a vector represent during the cardiac cycle?
In the context of vectors, what does the orientation of the arrow signify?
In the context of vectors, what does the orientation of the arrow signify?
What does the tip of the arrow in a vector represent?
What does the tip of the arrow in a vector represent?
What geometric shape do the three standard limb leads form in Einthoven's Triangle?
What geometric shape do the three standard limb leads form in Einthoven's Triangle?
Who is known as the father of the modern ECG?
Who is known as the father of the modern ECG?
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Study Notes
Skeletal Muscle
- The all-or-none law only applies to individual muscle fibers, meaning they either contract fully or not at all.
Cardiac Output
- Cardiac output (CO) measures the volume of blood pumped by each ventricle per minute.
Blood Supply
- Lumbar arteries supply blood to muscles and the spinal cord.
- Branches of the external iliac artery supply blood to the lower extremity.
- The internal iliac artery supplies blood to the pelvic viscera.
Venous Pressure Gradient
- Mean circulatory filling pressure (MCFP) is the pressure measured in the circulatory system if the heart stops suddenly, and blood is redistributed evenly.
- MCFP is typically 7-8 mmHg.
Cardiac Performance
- End-diastolic volume (EDV) is influenced by ventricular filling, compliance, and stiffness.
- EDV is directly proportional to compliance and inversely proportional to stiffness.
- A more forceful contraction increases the stroke volume (SV) and decreases the end-systolic volume (ESV), meaning more blood is ejected from the heart.
- Inotropy refers to the strength of heart contractions.
Electrocardiogram (ECG)
- Each moment during the cardiac cycle can be represented by a vector showing the net electrical activity as seen by a lead.
- The vector is visualized as an arrow with length representing the magnitude of the electrical current, orientation representing the direction of current flow, the tip representing the positive pole, and the tail representing the negative pole.
Einthoven's Triangle
- The three standard limb leads (I, II, III) are arranged in an equilateral triangle called Einthoven's triangle.
- Walter Einthoven is considered the father of the modern ECG.
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