Physiology of Pregnancy

<p>In the last 8 weeks of pregnancy. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It increases approximately 30% above normal levels. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It increases sensitivity to CO2. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>5th week (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It presses upward against the abdominal contents. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Insulin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It enhances the respiratory center's reaction to CO2 levels. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Placenta (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>HPL secretion increases significantly after the first trimester. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It causes displacement of other organs within the abdomen. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased respiratory rate. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Skeletal muscle growth (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The corpus luteum (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Causes decidual cells to develop (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It increases tremendously after the early stages (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It stimulates an increase in thyroid hormones. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>10 to 12 weeks after ovulation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It acts to prepare the endometrium for implantation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The placenta eventually takes over progesterone secretion from the corpus luteum. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It mobilizes calcium from the mother's bones. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Estrogen and progesterone (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The syncytial trophoblast (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Maintaining the uterine lining (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They decrease to a lower value by 16 to 20 weeks. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>FSH (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Placental hormones regulate various functions throughout pregnancy. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prolactin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Direct absorption via amniotic membranes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pituitary gland (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hormonal imbalances (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It acts as a barrier to infections (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thyroid dysfunction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Estrogen and progesterone (A), Progesterone and prolactin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It acts as a vasodilator, increasing blood flow. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Human chorionic gonadotropin and progesterone (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It contributes to increased venous return and cardiac output. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Preparing the uterine lining for implantation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lowers respiratory rate. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Human chorionic somatomammotropin and progesterone (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It produces hormones that modulate the maternal immune response. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is thought to enhance blood flow to various tissue types. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enhanced renal perfusion. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>11 to 16 kg (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Last two trimesters (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Around 75% or more (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fetal development stages (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Slow gain in first trimester, rapid in last two trimesters (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Progesterone (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased progesterone levels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By promoting lipolysis and reducing insulin sensitivity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased preload and stroke volume (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Produces progesterone to maintain the uterine lining (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To preserve the corpus luteum for hormone secretion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Leydig cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It promotes the production of progesterone and estrogen from the corpus luteum (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Typically for the first few months of pregnancy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Maternal blood volume increases by about 30% during pregnancy.

COP (likely Cardiac Output) drops slightly during the last 8 weeks of pregnancy.

The total amount of blood in a pregnant woman's body.

Amount of blood pumped by the heart each minute.

Typical range of values or levels for a certain parameter.

High progesterone levels during pregnancy make the respiratory center more sensitive to carbon dioxide (CO2).

As the uterus grows during pregnancy, it puts pressure on the abdominal organs.

The growing uterus presses upward against the abdominal contents, making breathing deeper and faster.

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is a hormone produced by the syncytial trophoblast, a layer of cells in the developing placenta.

hCG levels peak around 10 to 12 weeks of pregnancy.

hCG in pregnancy can stimulate the thyroid gland, leading to increased thyroid hormone production.

hCG levels decrease after the first trimester and remain at a lower level until birth.

Increased parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels during pregnancy mobilize calcium from the mother's bones to support fetal bone development.

The corpus luteum, a temporary structure in the ovary, secretes moderate levels of progesterone during the initial stages of pregnancy.

The placenta takes over as the primary source of progesterone production and significantly increases its secretion as pregnancy progresses.

Progesterone stimulates the development of specialized cells called decidual cells within the uterine lining (endometrium). These cells provide nourishment for the developing embryo.

Specialized cells within the uterine lining that are crucial for providing nourishment and support to the growing embryo.

Progesterone plays a vital role in preparing the uterus for pregnancy and maintaining the pregnancy by creating a nourishing environment for the embryo and fetus.

A hormone produced by the placenta starting around the 5th week of pregnancy. It has several important effects on the mother and fetus.

HPL plays a crucial role in preparing the body for pregnancy and supporting the fetus's growth. It helps regulate glucose and protein metabolism, and promotes breast growth.

HPL increases insulin resistance in the mother, leading to a higher blood glucose level. This ensures the fetus has enough glucose for growth.

HPL encourages the mother's body to conserve protein and make it available for the growing fetus.

HPL prepares the breasts for lactation, leading to increased breast size and milk duct development.

The placenta, a vital organ during pregnancy, produces both estrogen and progesterone. These hormones are crucial for supporting a healthy pregnancy.

Estrogen, produced by the placenta, helps to develop the uterus, prepare the breasts for lactation and maintain the pregnancy by preventing early labor.

Progesterone, also produced by the placenta, helps thicken the uterine lining, relax the muscles of the uterus, and prepare the breasts for lactation.

While the placenta primarily produces estrogen and progesterone, it also produces smaller amounts of androgens. These hormones play a role in fetal development.

The placenta doesn't produce prolactin or FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone). These hormones are regulated by the pituitary gland.

Pregnant women typically gain between 11 and 16 kilograms, with most of the gain occurring in the last two trimesters.

The corpus luteum is the primary source of progesterone in early pregnancy. However, as pregnancy progresses, the placenta takes over as the main producer, increasing progesterone levels significantly.

Progesterone plays a vital role in preparing the uterus for pregnancy by developing the endometrium and creating a nourishing environment for the developing embryo. It also relaxes the uterus, preventing premature labor.

HPL is a hormone produced by the placenta starting around the 5th week of pregnancy. It influences glucose and protein metabolism, increasing insulin resistance and promoting protein conservation in the mother, ensuring the fetus has adequate resources.

HPL contributes to breast growth by stimulating the development of milk ducts, preparing the mother for lactation after birth.

Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) helps the corpus luteum continue producing progesterone and estrogen for the first few months of pregnancy, ensuring a stable environment for the developing fetus.

HCG stimulates the Leydig cells in the male fetus's testes, causing them to produce testosterone, which is essential for the development of male reproductive organs.

The corpus luteum, a temporary structure in the ovary, produces progesterone and estrogen in early pregnancy, helping to prepare the uterus and maintain a healthy environment for the developing embryo.

HCG stimulates the Leydig cells in the male fetus's testes, causing increased testosterone production.

Some amniotic fluid is produced directly by the amniotic membranes, which act as a semi-permeable barrier allowing fluid exchange.

Hormonal changes during pregnancy are crucial for supporting fetal growth and development, preparing the mother's body for childbirth, and maintaining a healthy pregnancy.

Testosterone, produced by the Leydig cells in the testes, is crucial for the development of male reproductive organs and characteristics in the fetus.

Endocrine glands, particularly the placenta and the corpus luteum, play a significant role in pregnancy by producing hormones that regulate various physiological changes in both the mother and fetus.

hCG is a hormone produced by the placenta, and its levels rise rapidly during early pregnancy. It plays a role in maintaining the corpus luteum and stimulating the production of other hormones.

The placenta, a vital organ during pregnancy, acts as a temporary endocrine gland, producing vital hormones like estrogen and progesterone. These hormones are crucial for maintaining a healthy pregnancy and supporting fetal growth.

Progesterone softens the cervix of a pregnant woman, making it easier for the baby to pass through during childbirth.

Progesterone acts as a vasodilator, contributing to increased blood flow in various tissues, including the kidneys.

Progesterone's vasodilator effect leads to increased blood flow in various tissues, including the kidneys, during pregnancy.

Progesterone's effects contribute to increased VR (likely Venous Return) and COP (likely Cardiac Output) in pregnancy.

Progesterone, as a vasodilator, increases blood flow to the kidneys, contributing to proper kidney function during pregnancy.

The placenta, a vital organ during pregnancy, produces both estrogen and progesterone. These hormones are essential for supporting a healthy pregnancy.

Progesterone plays a vital role in preparing the uterus for pregnancy by developing the endometrium, creating a nourishing environment for the developing embryo. It also relaxes the uterus, preventing premature labor.

Progesterone thickens the uterine lining, relaxes uterine muscles, and prepares the breasts for lactation. It helps maintain a healthy pregnancy.

hCG keeps the corpus luteum active, sustaining progesterone and estrogen production for the first months of pregnancy.