L2 Physiology of Pregnancy Changes
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L2 Physiology of Pregnancy Changes

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What is one of the vital roles of fluid during pregnancy?

  • Increases the mother's blood pressure.
  • Acts as a barrier to infections.
  • Increases metabolic waste production.
  • Helps maintain the amniotic fluid around the fetus. (correct)

    • What is the main function of progesterone during pregnancy?

  • Support fetal organ development
  • Aid in nutrient absorption for the fetus
  • Increase blood flow to the womb (correct)
  • Induce labor

    • Which of the following is a recommended strategy to alleviate morning sickness?

  • Drink fluids with meals.
  • Consume dry foods before getting out of bed. (correct)
  • Avoid protein-rich foods.
  • Eat large meals to ensure enough nutrients.

    • At what size is the embryo approximately at 8 weeks of development?

    <p>1.25 inches long</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nutrient deficiency could lead to anemia during pregnancy?

    <p>Vitamin B12.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is often used as an indicator of pregnancy in over-the-counter tests?

    <p>Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a suggested nutritional advice for managing heartburn during pregnancy?

    <p>Minimize caffeinated and spicy foods.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition might develop in some women during pregnancy characterized by elevated blood sugar?

    <p>Gestational Diabetes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How much do energy needs increase during the last two trimesters of pregnancy?

    <p>350-450 kcal/day</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What nutrition-related issue involves nausea and vomiting during pregnancy?

    <p>Morning Sickness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following hormones helps to prepare the cervix for labor?

    <p>Placental Lactogen (hPG)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common nutrition-related problem during pregnancy?

    <p>Gluten Intolerance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ begins to develop fully during the 8-week embryo stage?

    <p>Central nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which practice can help alleviate dizziness during pregnancy?

    <p>Snacking throughout the day.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of relaxin during pregnancy?

    <p>Makes ligaments softer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What essential role does oestrogen play during pregnancy?

    <p>Supports baby's organ development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a nutritional recommendation to help prevent constipation during pregnancy?

    <p>Stay hydrated and increase fiber intake.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is commonly advised to reduce symptoms of heartburn at night?

    <p>Elevate head and shoulders with pillows.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process causes the basal energy expenditure (BEE) to increase during pregnancy?

    <p>Enhanced metabolism of uterus and fetus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which stage of development is the fetus defined, occurring from 8 weeks until birth?

    <p>Fetus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of gestational diabetes in relation to its occurrence?

    <p>It disappears after the infant is born.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage increase in risk is associated with developing type 2 diabetes later in life after having gestational diabetes?

    <p>40%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a dietary recommendation for managing gestational diabetes?

    <p>Consume at least 1.1 g/kg/day of protein.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for increased fluid retention during pregnancy?

    <p>Higher blood and body fluid production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which trimester is Pregnancy-Induced Hypertension (PIH) most likely to occur?

    <p>Third trimester.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What lifestyle factor is positively associated with a reduced risk of Pregnancy-Induced Hypertension?

    <p>Increased intake of fiber.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is typically experienced due to normal swelling during pregnancy?

    <p>Swelling in hands and feet.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a correct guideline for carbohydrate consumption during pregnancy for those with gestational diabetes?

    <p>Space carbohydrates evenly throughout the day.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which dietary component is not recommended for pregnant women to avoid swelling?

    <p>High sodium foods.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended minimum amount of fiber for pregnant women managing gestational diabetes?

    <p>28 grams.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes the increase in clotting factors during pregnancy?

    <p>To prevent bleeding at the time of delivery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following hormones is NOT typically associated with pregnancy?

    <p>Testosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What risk is associated with the increase in red blood cells during pregnancy?

    <p>Anemia due to increased plasma volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the respiratory system adapt during pregnancy?

    <p>By causing respiratory alkalosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which body system undergoes significant changes due to fetal growth?

    <p>Endocrine system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible complication of the changes in the hematological system during pregnancy?

    <p>High risk of thromboembolic phenomena</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which system is responsible for increased metabolism during pregnancy?

    <p>Metabolic system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological change occurs in the renal system during pregnancy?

    <p>Increased glomerular filtration rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one metabolic change that occurs in the body during pregnancy?

    <p>Altered carbohydrate metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What typically characterizes mild physiologic edema in pregnant women during the third trimester?

    <p>Absence of pain or discomfort</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which supplement may help relieve leg cramps during pregnancy due to magnesium deficiency?

    <p>Magnesium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom experienced by patients suffering from anemia?

    <p>Dizziness and lightheadedness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended behavior regarding cranberry juice consumption for preventing UTIs?

    <p>Limit intake if on blood-thinning medication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Food cravings during pregnancy are primarily attributed to changes in what?

    <p>Sensitivity to taste and smell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Pica characterized by?

    <p>Craving for nonfood substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Physiological Changes During Pregnancy

    • Physiological changes during pregnancy include placental and fetal development, metabolic changes, and hormonal changes.
    • Hematological System: Increased clotting factors prevent bleeding at delivery but increase risk of thromboembolic phenomena. Increased red blood cell count by 20-30% coupled with disproportionate increase in plasma leads to anemia risk.
    • Respiratory System: Increased tidal volume causes hyperventilation leading to respiratory alkalosis.
    • Placental development: Placenta is a metabolically active organ supporting fetus development and growth. Embryo stage from 2-8 weeks after conception, with cell count doubling every 24 hours initially. Fetus stage from 8 weeks after conception until term, with significant growth and organ maturation.
    • Hormonal Changes:
      • Estrogen: Supports baby development and placenta function
      • Progesterone: Increases blood flow to the womb
      • Oxytocin: Eases pain during labor, opens the cervix
      • Relaxin: Softens ligaments
      • Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG): Supports mother and baby, commonly used in pregnancy tests
      • Human Placental Lactogen (hPG): Supplies nutrients to the baby
      • Prostaglandin: Prepares cervix for labor

    Metabolic Changes

    • Energy needs increase by 350-450 kcal/day, primarily to support:
      • Basal energy expenditure
      • Physical activity
      • Thermic effect of food
      • Fetal growth
      • Maternal tissue deposition
    • Basal energy expenditure increases due to enhanced metabolism in the uterus, fetus, heart, and lungs.
    • All macronutrient requirements increase during pregnancy.

    Fluid

    • Fluid plays vital roles during pregnancy:
      • Increases maternal blood volume
      • Acts as lubricant
      • Regulates body temperature
      • Supports metabolic reactions
      • Maintains amniotic fluid surrounding and protecting the fetus
    • Morning Sickness (Nausea and Vomiting of Pregnancy NVP): Common in the first trimester.
      • Nutritional Strategies:
        • Small, frequent meals
        • Fluids between meals
        • High protein intake
        • Avoid high-fat foods
        • Eat dry foods or carbs before rising
        • Try sour foods
        • Avoid spicy foods
        • Ginger (250 mg 2-4/day)
      • Medical Therapy: Vitamin B6 + doxylamine
    • Heartburn:
      • Nutritional Tips:
        • Small meals
        • Avoid eating before bed
        • Minimize caffeinated, spicy, and fatty foods
        • Sit upright while eating
        • Avoid eating and drinking at the same time
        • Use pillows for head and shoulder support while sleeping
        • Stop smoking
    • Constipation: Ensure adequate fiber and fluid intake to promote bowel regularity.
    • Dizziness: Eat regularly and avoid long periods between meals. Snacking throughout the day is beneficial.
    • Gestational Diabetes (GDM): Develops during pregnancy.
      • Dietary Measures:
        • Minimum 175 gm of carbohydrate, 1.1 g/kg/day of protein, 28 gm of fiber
        • Evenly distribute carbohydrates throughout the day
        • Multiple meals and snacks instead of large meals
    • Fluid Retention: Normal swelling, or edema, is common in hands, face, legs, ankles, and feet.
      • Nutritional Considerations:
        • Reduce sodium intake
        • Limit caffeine consumption
        • Increase potassium intake
    • Pregnancy-Induced Hypertension (PIH): Formerly known as Toxemia or Preeclampsia. Occurs in the third trimester.
      • Nutritional Association: Increased intake of fiber and calcium may reduce risk.
    • Edema and Leg Cramps: Mild edema is typical in the third trimester.
      • Nutritional Intervention:
        • Calcium supplementation can help with leg cramps
        • Magnesium supplementation can also relieve leg cramps due to potential magnesium deficiency during pregnancy and lactation
    • Anemia: Can cause weakness, tiredness, poor appetite, and paleness.
      • Note: High iron supplementation may cause constipation and stomach upset.
    • Urinary Tract Infections (UTI):
      • Cranberry Juice: May help due to potential infection-fighting properties.
      • Not recommended if taking warfarin (blood thinner).
    • Food Cravings and Aversions:
      • Common due to hormonal changes affecting taste and smell sensitivity.
    • Pica: Craving and consumption of nonfood substances.
      • May be a symptom of nutritional deficiencies or psychological issues.
      • Seek medical advice for diagnosis and management.

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    Related Documents

    Pregnancy Nutrition Lecture Notes PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers the physiological changes during pregnancy, including hematological, respiratory, and placental developments. It also explores the hormonal changes that facilitate fetal growth and prepare the mother for delivery. Test your knowledge on these critical aspects of pregnancy physiology.

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