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What is one of the vital roles of fluid during pregnancy?
What is one of the vital roles of fluid during pregnancy?
What is the main function of progesterone during pregnancy?
What is the main function of progesterone during pregnancy?
Which of the following is a recommended strategy to alleviate morning sickness?
Which of the following is a recommended strategy to alleviate morning sickness?
At what size is the embryo approximately at 8 weeks of development?
At what size is the embryo approximately at 8 weeks of development?
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Which nutrient deficiency could lead to anemia during pregnancy?
Which nutrient deficiency could lead to anemia during pregnancy?
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Which hormone is often used as an indicator of pregnancy in over-the-counter tests?
Which hormone is often used as an indicator of pregnancy in over-the-counter tests?
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What is a suggested nutritional advice for managing heartburn during pregnancy?
What is a suggested nutritional advice for managing heartburn during pregnancy?
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What condition might develop in some women during pregnancy characterized by elevated blood sugar?
What condition might develop in some women during pregnancy characterized by elevated blood sugar?
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How much do energy needs increase during the last two trimesters of pregnancy?
How much do energy needs increase during the last two trimesters of pregnancy?
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What nutrition-related issue involves nausea and vomiting during pregnancy?
What nutrition-related issue involves nausea and vomiting during pregnancy?
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Which of the following hormones helps to prepare the cervix for labor?
Which of the following hormones helps to prepare the cervix for labor?
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Which of the following is NOT a common nutrition-related problem during pregnancy?
Which of the following is NOT a common nutrition-related problem during pregnancy?
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Which organ begins to develop fully during the 8-week embryo stage?
Which organ begins to develop fully during the 8-week embryo stage?
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Which practice can help alleviate dizziness during pregnancy?
Which practice can help alleviate dizziness during pregnancy?
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What is the significance of relaxin during pregnancy?
What is the significance of relaxin during pregnancy?
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What essential role does oestrogen play during pregnancy?
What essential role does oestrogen play during pregnancy?
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What is a nutritional recommendation to help prevent constipation during pregnancy?
What is a nutritional recommendation to help prevent constipation during pregnancy?
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What is commonly advised to reduce symptoms of heartburn at night?
What is commonly advised to reduce symptoms of heartburn at night?
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What process causes the basal energy expenditure (BEE) to increase during pregnancy?
What process causes the basal energy expenditure (BEE) to increase during pregnancy?
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In which stage of development is the fetus defined, occurring from 8 weeks until birth?
In which stage of development is the fetus defined, occurring from 8 weeks until birth?
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What is the primary characteristic of gestational diabetes in relation to its occurrence?
What is the primary characteristic of gestational diabetes in relation to its occurrence?
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What percentage increase in risk is associated with developing type 2 diabetes later in life after having gestational diabetes?
What percentage increase in risk is associated with developing type 2 diabetes later in life after having gestational diabetes?
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Which of the following is a dietary recommendation for managing gestational diabetes?
Which of the following is a dietary recommendation for managing gestational diabetes?
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What is the main reason for increased fluid retention during pregnancy?
What is the main reason for increased fluid retention during pregnancy?
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During which trimester is Pregnancy-Induced Hypertension (PIH) most likely to occur?
During which trimester is Pregnancy-Induced Hypertension (PIH) most likely to occur?
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What lifestyle factor is positively associated with a reduced risk of Pregnancy-Induced Hypertension?
What lifestyle factor is positively associated with a reduced risk of Pregnancy-Induced Hypertension?
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Which symptom is typically experienced due to normal swelling during pregnancy?
Which symptom is typically experienced due to normal swelling during pregnancy?
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What is a correct guideline for carbohydrate consumption during pregnancy for those with gestational diabetes?
What is a correct guideline for carbohydrate consumption during pregnancy for those with gestational diabetes?
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Which dietary component is not recommended for pregnant women to avoid swelling?
Which dietary component is not recommended for pregnant women to avoid swelling?
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What is the recommended minimum amount of fiber for pregnant women managing gestational diabetes?
What is the recommended minimum amount of fiber for pregnant women managing gestational diabetes?
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What causes the increase in clotting factors during pregnancy?
What causes the increase in clotting factors during pregnancy?
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Which of the following hormones is NOT typically associated with pregnancy?
Which of the following hormones is NOT typically associated with pregnancy?
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What risk is associated with the increase in red blood cells during pregnancy?
What risk is associated with the increase in red blood cells during pregnancy?
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How does the respiratory system adapt during pregnancy?
How does the respiratory system adapt during pregnancy?
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Which body system undergoes significant changes due to fetal growth?
Which body system undergoes significant changes due to fetal growth?
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What is a possible complication of the changes in the hematological system during pregnancy?
What is a possible complication of the changes in the hematological system during pregnancy?
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Which system is responsible for increased metabolism during pregnancy?
Which system is responsible for increased metabolism during pregnancy?
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What physiological change occurs in the renal system during pregnancy?
What physiological change occurs in the renal system during pregnancy?
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What is one metabolic change that occurs in the body during pregnancy?
What is one metabolic change that occurs in the body during pregnancy?
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What typically characterizes mild physiologic edema in pregnant women during the third trimester?
What typically characterizes mild physiologic edema in pregnant women during the third trimester?
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Which supplement may help relieve leg cramps during pregnancy due to magnesium deficiency?
Which supplement may help relieve leg cramps during pregnancy due to magnesium deficiency?
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What is a common symptom experienced by patients suffering from anemia?
What is a common symptom experienced by patients suffering from anemia?
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What is the recommended behavior regarding cranberry juice consumption for preventing UTIs?
What is the recommended behavior regarding cranberry juice consumption for preventing UTIs?
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Food cravings during pregnancy are primarily attributed to changes in what?
Food cravings during pregnancy are primarily attributed to changes in what?
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What is Pica characterized by?
What is Pica characterized by?
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Study Notes
Physiological Changes During Pregnancy
- Physiological changes during pregnancy include placental and fetal development, metabolic changes, and hormonal changes.
- Hematological System: Increased clotting factors prevent bleeding at delivery but increase risk of thromboembolic phenomena. Increased red blood cell count by 20-30% coupled with disproportionate increase in plasma leads to anemia risk.
- Respiratory System: Increased tidal volume causes hyperventilation leading to respiratory alkalosis.
- Placental development: Placenta is a metabolically active organ supporting fetus development and growth. Embryo stage from 2-8 weeks after conception, with cell count doubling every 24 hours initially. Fetus stage from 8 weeks after conception until term, with significant growth and organ maturation.
-
Hormonal Changes:
- Estrogen: Supports baby development and placenta function
- Progesterone: Increases blood flow to the womb
- Oxytocin: Eases pain during labor, opens the cervix
- Relaxin: Softens ligaments
- Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG): Supports mother and baby, commonly used in pregnancy tests
- Human Placental Lactogen (hPG): Supplies nutrients to the baby
- Prostaglandin: Prepares cervix for labor
Metabolic Changes
- Energy needs increase by 350-450 kcal/day, primarily to support:
- Basal energy expenditure
- Physical activity
- Thermic effect of food
- Fetal growth
- Maternal tissue deposition
- Basal energy expenditure increases due to enhanced metabolism in the uterus, fetus, heart, and lungs.
- All macronutrient requirements increase during pregnancy.
Fluid
- Fluid plays vital roles during pregnancy:
- Increases maternal blood volume
- Acts as lubricant
- Regulates body temperature
- Supports metabolic reactions
- Maintains amniotic fluid surrounding and protecting the fetus
Nutrition Related Pregnancy Problems
-
Morning Sickness (Nausea and Vomiting of Pregnancy NVP): Common in the first trimester.
- Nutritional Strategies:
- Small, frequent meals
- Fluids between meals
- High protein intake
- Avoid high-fat foods
- Eat dry foods or carbs before rising
- Try sour foods
- Avoid spicy foods
- Ginger (250 mg 2-4/day)
- Medical Therapy: Vitamin B6 + doxylamine
- Nutritional Strategies:
-
Heartburn:
- Nutritional Tips:
- Small meals
- Avoid eating before bed
- Minimize caffeinated, spicy, and fatty foods
- Sit upright while eating
- Avoid eating and drinking at the same time
- Use pillows for head and shoulder support while sleeping
- Stop smoking
- Nutritional Tips:
- Constipation: Ensure adequate fiber and fluid intake to promote bowel regularity.
- Dizziness: Eat regularly and avoid long periods between meals. Snacking throughout the day is beneficial.
-
Gestational Diabetes (GDM): Develops during pregnancy.
- Dietary Measures:
- Minimum 175 gm of carbohydrate, 1.1 g/kg/day of protein, 28 gm of fiber
- Evenly distribute carbohydrates throughout the day
- Multiple meals and snacks instead of large meals
- Dietary Measures:
-
Fluid Retention: Normal swelling, or edema, is common in hands, face, legs, ankles, and feet.
- Nutritional Considerations:
- Reduce sodium intake
- Limit caffeine consumption
- Increase potassium intake
- Nutritional Considerations:
-
Pregnancy-Induced Hypertension (PIH): Formerly known as Toxemia or Preeclampsia. Occurs in the third trimester.
- Nutritional Association: Increased intake of fiber and calcium may reduce risk.
-
Edema and Leg Cramps: Mild edema is typical in the third trimester.
- Nutritional Intervention:
- Calcium supplementation can help with leg cramps
- Magnesium supplementation can also relieve leg cramps due to potential magnesium deficiency during pregnancy and lactation
- Nutritional Intervention:
-
Anemia: Can cause weakness, tiredness, poor appetite, and paleness.
- Note: High iron supplementation may cause constipation and stomach upset.
-
Urinary Tract Infections (UTI):
- Cranberry Juice: May help due to potential infection-fighting properties.
- Not recommended if taking warfarin (blood thinner).
-
Food Cravings and Aversions:
- Common due to hormonal changes affecting taste and smell sensitivity.
-
Pica: Craving and consumption of nonfood substances.
- May be a symptom of nutritional deficiencies or psychological issues.
- Seek medical advice for diagnosis and management.
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Description
This quiz covers the physiological changes during pregnancy, including hematological, respiratory, and placental developments. It also explores the hormonal changes that facilitate fetal growth and prepare the mother for delivery. Test your knowledge on these critical aspects of pregnancy physiology.
