Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the role of the basal layer during menstruation?
What is the role of the basal layer during menstruation?
What characterized the luteal phase of the endometrium?
What characterized the luteal phase of the endometrium?
During early menses, what does the endometrial echo resemble?
During early menses, what does the endometrial echo resemble?
What does the anteroposterior thickness of the endometrium measure during late menses?
What does the anteroposterior thickness of the endometrium measure during late menses?
Signup and view all the answers
Which Greek term is associated with the definition of estrogen?
Which Greek term is associated with the definition of estrogen?
Signup and view all the answers
What happens to the hypoechoic central echo during the late menses phase?
What happens to the hypoechoic central echo during the late menses phase?
Signup and view all the answers
Which phase shows the maximum endometrial thickness?
Which phase shows the maximum endometrial thickness?
Signup and view all the answers
What occurs to the endometrial echo during the early follicular phase?
What occurs to the endometrial echo during the early follicular phase?
Signup and view all the answers
Which structure is primarily responsible for the secretion of progesterone during pregnancy?
Which structure is primarily responsible for the secretion of progesterone during pregnancy?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary hormone present in the bloodstream during the time of ovulation?
What is the primary hormone present in the bloodstream during the time of ovulation?
Signup and view all the answers
Which cell type predominates in the vaginal maturation index during the pre-ovulatory phase?
Which cell type predominates in the vaginal maturation index during the pre-ovulatory phase?
Signup and view all the answers
What percentage of progesterone is typically protein-bound in the bloodstream?
What percentage of progesterone is typically protein-bound in the bloodstream?
Signup and view all the answers
What causes the shift in the vaginal maturation index towards acidophilic cells?
What causes the shift in the vaginal maturation index towards acidophilic cells?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary role of syncytiotrophoblast cells during pregnancy?
What is the primary role of syncytiotrophoblast cells during pregnancy?
Signup and view all the answers
What happens to the cervical mucous during the progestational phase?
What happens to the cervical mucous during the progestational phase?
Signup and view all the answers
How is most progesterone excreted from the body during pregnancy?
How is most progesterone excreted from the body during pregnancy?
Signup and view all the answers
What is defined as the absence of menstruation?
What is defined as the absence of menstruation?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT a physiological cause of amenorrhea?
Which of the following is NOT a physiological cause of amenorrhea?
Signup and view all the answers
At what age is primary amenorrhea defined if secondary sexual characteristics are present?
At what age is primary amenorrhea defined if secondary sexual characteristics are present?
Signup and view all the answers
What best characterizes secondary amenorrhea?
What best characterizes secondary amenorrhea?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following conditions is associated with cryptomenorrhea?
Which of the following conditions is associated with cryptomenorrhea?
Signup and view all the answers
What component is essential for normal menstruation according to the four-compartment approach?
What component is essential for normal menstruation according to the four-compartment approach?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following indicates primary amenorrhea if no secondary characteristics are present?
Which of the following indicates primary amenorrhea if no secondary characteristics are present?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following options is an accurate definition of cryptomenorrhea?
Which of the following options is an accurate definition of cryptomenorrhea?
Signup and view all the answers
What is primarily responsible for the cyclic production of hormones that regulate the menstrual cycle?
What is primarily responsible for the cyclic production of hormones that regulate the menstrual cycle?
Signup and view all the answers
Which hormone is secreted by the hypothalamus to control the release of FSH and LH from the pituitary?
Which hormone is secreted by the hypothalamus to control the release of FSH and LH from the pituitary?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following conditions is considered a disorder of the outflow tract related to primary amenorrhea?
Which of the following conditions is considered a disorder of the outflow tract related to primary amenorrhea?
Signup and view all the answers
What role do the thyroid and adrenal glands play in menstruation?
What role do the thyroid and adrenal glands play in menstruation?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the most common cause of primary amenorrhea listed in the document?
What is the most common cause of primary amenorrhea listed in the document?
Signup and view all the answers
Which hormone primarily promotes follicular development in the ovarian cycle?
Which hormone primarily promotes follicular development in the ovarian cycle?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the role of luteinizing hormone in the menstrual cycle?
What is the role of luteinizing hormone in the menstrual cycle?
Signup and view all the answers
Which compartment is primarily concerned with the disorders of the ovary that cause primary amenorrhea?
Which compartment is primarily concerned with the disorders of the ovary that cause primary amenorrhea?
Signup and view all the answers
Which syndrome is characterized by the presence of a 45X karyotype?
Which syndrome is characterized by the presence of a 45X karyotype?
Signup and view all the answers
What condition is associated with androgen insensitivity?
What condition is associated with androgen insensitivity?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following conditions is categorized under disorders of the anterior pituitary?
Which of the following conditions is categorized under disorders of the anterior pituitary?
Signup and view all the answers
Which condition does NOT contribute to the dual pathologies leading to amenorrhea?
Which condition does NOT contribute to the dual pathologies leading to amenorrhea?
Signup and view all the answers
What condition is specifically associated with secondary sexual characteristics being absent?
What condition is specifically associated with secondary sexual characteristics being absent?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of these would be classified under disorders of the CNS contributing to amenorrhea?
Which of these would be classified under disorders of the CNS contributing to amenorrhea?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the most likely diagnosis if a pelvic ultrasound shows an absent uterus and reduced serum gonadotropin levels?
What is the most likely diagnosis if a pelvic ultrasound shows an absent uterus and reduced serum gonadotropin levels?
Signup and view all the answers
Which condition can occur after excessive curettage and may lead to secondary amenorrhea?
Which condition can occur after excessive curettage and may lead to secondary amenorrhea?
Signup and view all the answers
In a case of hypergonadotropic hypogonadism, what laboratory finding is expected?
In a case of hypergonadotropic hypogonadism, what laboratory finding is expected?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of obstruction might be evaluated for if there is amenorrhea and a normal uterus is found?
What type of obstruction might be evaluated for if there is amenorrhea and a normal uterus is found?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the most common cause of Asherman's syndrome?
What is the most common cause of Asherman's syndrome?
Signup and view all the answers
Which symptom is not typically associated with Sheehan's syndrome?
Which symptom is not typically associated with Sheehan's syndrome?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary treatment method for Asherman's syndrome?
What is the primary treatment method for Asherman's syndrome?
Signup and view all the answers
Which condition is characterized by hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia?
Which condition is characterized by hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia?
Signup and view all the answers
What happens to the anterior pituitary gland in Sheehan's syndrome?
What happens to the anterior pituitary gland in Sheehan's syndrome?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the prognosis for individuals with amenorrhea caused by Asherman's syndrome?
What is the prognosis for individuals with amenorrhea caused by Asherman's syndrome?
Signup and view all the answers
Which hormone levels are typically low in Sheehan's syndrome?
Which hormone levels are typically low in Sheehan's syndrome?
Signup and view all the answers
What appearance can be seen in hysterosalpingography for diagnosing Asherman's syndrome?
What appearance can be seen in hysterosalpingography for diagnosing Asherman's syndrome?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Physiology of Menstruation
- The menstrual cycle is a complex series of physiological changes in women
- The ovarian component aims to produce a mature ovum in each cycle
- The uterine component prepares the uterine environment for fertilization
- The cycle involves interaction of the hypothalamus, pituitary, and gonads
- The entire cycle lasts approximately 28 days, beginning with the first day of menstruation
- Ovulation occurs around day 14
Menstruation
- Menstruation is the cyclic shedding of the secretory endometrium
- Associated with blood loss due to a decline in estrogen and progesterone production.
- This loss occurs if no pregnancy takes place, caused by degeneration of the corpus luteum
The Ovarian Cycle
- The ovary undergoes a monthly cycle with three phases: follicular, ovulation, and luteal
- The follicular phase begins with the first day of menstrual blood flow
- The hypothalamus releases GnRH, which stimulates the pituitary to release FSH
- FSH stimulates the growth of 10-20 ovarian follicles
- Estrogen is secreted from the growing follicles
- Inhibin is also secreted
- The follicle most sensitive to FSH becomes the dominant Graafian follicle
- The Graafian follicle produces increasing amounts of estrogen
- The estrogen inhibits the growth of other follicles
- The graafian follicle reaches around 20mm in size
- Theca cells are stimulated by LH to produce androgens which are then converted to estradiol by granulosa cells. This process is known as steroidogenesis
Ovulation
- Ovulation occurs within 24-48 hours of the LH surge
- The follicle ruptures, releasing a secondary oocyte.
- This happens at mid-cycle (approximately day 14)
Luteal Phase
- The corpus luteum is formed from the ruptured follicle
- It produces progesterone and estradiol
- These hormones maintain the uterine lining for potential implantation
- If pregnancy does not occur, the corpus luteum degenerates and progesterone levels decrease, leading to menstruation
The Endometrial Cycle
- The uterus has a cycle governed by ovarian hormones
- The endometrium (uterine lining) has two layers: functional and basal
- The functional layer thickens in response to estrogen
- The three phases of the endometrial cycle include: proliferative, secretory, and menstrual
- The proliferative phase corresponds to the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle
- Estrogen causes regeneration and proliferation of the functional endometrial layer
- The secretory phase occurs after ovulation
- Progesterone causes the endometrium to become secretory, preparing it for possible implantation
- The menstrual phase occurs if implantation does not occur, involving the loss of the functional layer due to vasoconstriction of the spiral arteries.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
Explore the intricate physiological processes of the menstrual cycle. This quiz covers key components such as the ovarian cycle, hormonal interactions, and the phases of menstruation. Test your knowledge about these vital biological functions.
