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Questions and Answers
Questions and Answers
What does GH stand for?
What does GH stand for?
Growth Hormone
What is the primary function of growth hormone?
What is the primary function of growth hormone?
- Regulation of body temperature
- Production of red blood cells
- Regulation of blood sugar
- Stimulation of growth and cell division (correct)
Growth hormone is an anabolic hormone.
Growth hormone is an anabolic hormone.
True (A)
What two feedback loops control the release of growth hormone?
What two feedback loops control the release of growth hormone?
What is the primary effect of growth hormone on bone and cartilage?
What is the primary effect of growth hormone on bone and cartilage?
Growth hormone can promote the growth of skeletal tissue after epiphyseal closure.
Growth hormone can promote the growth of skeletal tissue after epiphyseal closure.
What is the condition that arises when growth hormone levels are excessively high?
What is the condition that arises when growth hormone levels are excessively high?
What is the condition that results from excessive growth hormone production in adulthood?
What is the condition that results from excessive growth hormone production in adulthood?
Excessive growth hormone production leads to decreased insulin sensitivity.
Excessive growth hormone production leads to decreased insulin sensitivity.
What term describes the condition where growth hormone decreases carbohydrate utilization?
What term describes the condition where growth hormone decreases carbohydrate utilization?
How does growth hormone affect fat metabolism?
How does growth hormone affect fat metabolism?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of growth hormone?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of growth hormone?
Growth hormone is a peptide hormone.
Growth hormone is a peptide hormone.
Where is growth hormone produced?
Where is growth hormone produced?
Growth hormone release is primarily regulated by the short loop feedback control system.
Growth hormone release is primarily regulated by the short loop feedback control system.
What type of cells secrete growth hormone?
What type of cells secrete growth hormone?
Questions and Answers
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Flashcards
Flashcards
Growth Hormone (GH) origin
Growth Hormone (GH) origin
Secreted by somatotrophic acidophilic cells, also known as somatotropin acidophilic cells.
GH's protein effect
GH's protein effect
Increases protein synthesis, leading to cell growth (hypertrophy and hyperplasia).
GH protein synthesis mechanism
GH protein synthesis mechanism
Enhances amino acid transport, mRNA translation, DNA transcription, and decreases protein breakdown.
GH on carbohydrate use (fasting/stress)
GH on carbohydrate use (fasting/stress)
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GH's fat effect (fasting/stress)
GH's fat effect (fasting/stress)
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Somatomedins/IGFs
Somatomedins/IGFs
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IGF-1 function
IGF-1 function
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GH and Bone thickneing
GH and Bone thickneing
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Excessive GH issues
Excessive GH issues
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Study Notes
Study Notes
Growth Hormone (Somatotropin)
- Originates from somatotrophic acidophilic cells
- Short-loop feedback control by pituitary hormones is always inhibitory
- Ultra-short feedback control by releasing hormones on themselves is autocrine
Physiological Functions of Growth Hormone
A- Effect on Protein Metabolism
- Anabolic hormone
- Increases protein synthesis throughout the body
- Increases cell size (hypertrophy) and number (hyperplasia)
- Achieved by:
- Increasing amino acid transport through cell membranes
- Enhancing mRNA translation
- Increasing DNA to mRNA transcription
- Decreasing protein catabolism (using fatty acids for energy instead of proteins)
B- Effect of Growth Hormone on Growth
- Increases protein synthesis, cell division, and proliferation
- Stimulates growth of all soft tissues and erythropoiesis (blood cell production)
- Produces positive nitrogen balance
- Stimulates cartilaginous growth at epiphyses (ends of bones) indirectly through somatomedins (like IGF-1, also known as somatomedin C)
Somatomedin C Effect on Skeletal Growth
- Increases protein deposition by chondrocytes and osteoblasts
- Increases the rate of chondrocyte and osteoblast reproduction
- Converts chondrocytes into osteoblasts forming bone
- Stimulates osteoblasts, causing bone deposition
- Thickens bone and increases total bone mass, even after epiphyseal closure
Other Effects
- Carbohydrate Metabolism: Decreases carbohydrate utilization in peripheral tissues during periods of fasting, exercise, or stress. Increases glucose production in the liver.
- Fat Metabolism: Lipolytic and ketogenic; enhances fat utilization and increases free fatty acid levels during periods of fasting, exercise, or stress. Excessive GH can lead to the production of ketones and acetoacetic acid, potentially causing ketosis.
- Insulin Resistance: Excessive GH can decrease insulin receptor affinity, leading to hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and impaired insulin action, known as insulin resistance.
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