Physiology of Body Fluids
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Questions and Answers

What is the volume of extracellular fluid (ECF) as a percentage of body weight for a 70 kg individual?

  • 14 kg
  • 10 kg
  • 20 kg (correct)
  • 40 kg

    • What mechanism accelerates chemical reactions in the body due to its ionizing power?

  • Heat regulation
  • Solvent (correct)
  • Lubricating actions
  • Catalytic action

    • Which condition occurs when both water and solute are ingested excessively, causing an increase in extracellular fluid volume while plasma osmolarity remains normal?

  • Dehydration
  • Hypervolemia (correct)
  • Hypovolemia
  • Overhydration

    • When does the thirst mechanism become active?

    <p>All of these</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are possible effects of even mild disruptions in the normal pH range?

    <p>All of them</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is caused by increased pCO2 due to inadequate alveolar ventilation and reduced CO2 elimination from the blood?

    <p>Respiratory acidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of respiratory alkalosis?

    <p>All of them</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organs is sodium absorption most efficient?

    <p>Small intestine and colon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many amino acid residues are removed from pro-insulin in the endoplasmic reticulum?

    <p>33 A.A.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main symptoms of severe diabetes?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mixture contains electrolytes, bile acids, cholesterol, phospholipids, and bilirubin?

    <p>Bile</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What results predominantly from cholesterol when it precipitates from solution due to liver damage or obstruction of a bile duct?

    <p>Gallstones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What clinical term refers to the yellowing of body tissues due to bilirubin deposition?

    <p>Jaundice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is crucial for the production of ultrafiltrate in the kidneys?

    <p>Glomeruli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition involves reduced tubular function with a normal glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main aspect investigated during acute kidney injury?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following findings indicate an abnormal liver function?

    <p>Urobilinogen absent, bilirubin present in urine, serum ALP high</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mineral is a crucial component of body proteins and is also found in hair and nails?

    <p>Sulfur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism contributes to a decrease in plasma calcium concentration?

    <p>The action of calcitonin on the kidney</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following enzymes requires pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) as a cofactor?

    <p>Glycogen phosphorylase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ in the body cannot perform beta oxidation and therefore uses ketone bodies when glucose is depleted?

    <p>Brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Deamination is a catabolism reaction whereby the alpha amino group of an amino acid is removed. What is formed?

    <p>An α-keto acid and ammonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which volume corresponds to the intracellular fluid (ICF) expressed as a percentage of body weight (100 kg)?

    <p>40 kg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition occurs when water, but not solute, is lost, leading to an increase in plasma osmolarity?

    <p>Dehydration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following mechanisms does NOT regulate fluid levels within a narrow range?

    <p>Liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which function is accelerated by water in many chemical reactions due to its ionizing power?

    <p>Catalytic action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the balance maintained by chemical buffers, red cells, and the function of the lung, kidneys, and brain?

    <p>Preserve acid-base homeostasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions results in a decrease in pH, an increase in HCO3, and an increase in pCO2?

    <p>Respiratory acidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A major cation contributing to the osmolality of extracellular fluid is:

    <p>Sodium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Absorption largely occurs in the jejunum for which mineral?

    <p>Calcium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process allows glucose to enter B-cells?

    <p>Facilitated diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a function performed by the liver?

    <p>Synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which metabolic processes does the liver perform?

    <p>Nitrogen metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is not part of bile?

    <p>Nitrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is found in the cortex of the kidney?

    <p>Glomeruli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a component of proximal tubules?

    <p>All these</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible cause of a reduced glomerular filtration rate with normal tubular function?

    <p>Oliguria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a cause of high cholesterol?

    <p>Genetics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ADH is which of the following?

    <p>Hormone secreted by the pituitary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Polydipsia refers to:

    <p>Thirst and increased fluid intake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A glucose tolerance test typically measures blood glucose after how long?

    <p>2 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements does not apply to type 1 diabetes?

    <p>Non-insulin-dependent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the yellowish product of normal RBC catabolism?

    <p>Bilirubin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ferritin is the storage form of which element?

    <p>Fe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the potent stimulators of aldosterone secretion?

    <p>Increased potassium concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A known side effect of aspirin is:

    <p>Metabolic acidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A student is nervous for a big exam and is breathing rapidly, what do you expect?

    <p>Respiratory alkalosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Metabolic alkalosis includes all the following except?

    <p>Thiazide diuretic therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Transport of sodium in the renal tubules involves:

    <p>Na/K-ATPase located on the membrane of distal tubules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The pH of the body fluids is stabilized by buffer systems. Which of the following buffers is the most effective at physiological pH?

    <p>Bicarbonate buffer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are hormones inhibiting gluconeogenesis?

    <p>Insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following enzyme is a sensitive marker of alcoholic liver disease?

    <p>Aspartate transaminase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following laboratory measurement best indicates blood glucose control over a period of weeks?

    <p>Measurement of HbA1c</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hyponatremia is decreased serum Na concentration caused by?

    <p>Diuretic use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the majority of potassium found in the body?

    <p>Intracellular space</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In response to severe injury, where is intracellular potassium released?

    <p>Into the extracellular space</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes a movement of potassium from extracellular to intracellular fluid?

    <p>Alkalosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone promotes the excretion of potassium?

    <p>Aldosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by an arterial blood pH of 7.25?

    <p>Metabolic acidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which trace element is essential for hemoglobin formation?

    <p>Iron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stimulates the respiratory system to increase hydrogen ion concentration?

    <p>Increased hydrogen ion concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the kidney play in acid-base balance?

    <p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which compartment has the least amount of total body water (TBW)?

    <p>Intravascular compartment (plasma)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition occurs when extracellular fluid decreases because both water and solute decrease simultaneously but osmolarity remains normal?

    <p>Hypovolemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which metal ion's absorption failure causes acrodermatitis enteropathica?

    <p>Zinc</p> Signup and view all the answers

    High concentrations of which element are found in tissues rich in mitochondria and pigments such as the retina and dark skin?

    <p>Iron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of fluid overload?

    <p>Overhydration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Activation of the RAAS due to changes in body hemodynamics stimulates which substance's release from the juxtaglomerular cells in the kidneys?

    <p>Renin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the target tissue for Aldosterone?

    <p>Distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the likely biochemical diagnosis with Bilirubin- 4.5 mg/dl, ALT- 150 IU/L, AST- 200 IU/L, and Albumin- 25 mg/dL?

    <p>Acute hepatic disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a metabolic function of the liver?

    <p>Synthesis and Assembly of Chylomicrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A person weighs 86.5 kg, what is the approximate amount of plasma in their body?

    <p>17.3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following serum measurements are used for the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus type 1 and type II?

    <p>Fasting blood glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quantitatively, the most significant buffer system in plasma is

    <p>Carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The water produced during the oxidation of food in an adult is about

    <p>500 ml/day</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Deficiency of magnesium may occur with

    <p>Alcoholism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hypocalcaemia can occur in all the following except

    <p>Hyperparathyroidism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Urobilinogen and Bilirubin

    • Urobilinogen is absent in urine, but bilirubin is present, indicating a problem with the liver or bile ducts.
    • Microglobulin excretion in urine is a sensitive indicator of tubular damage.

    Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)

    • When a substance is freely filtered, not reabsorbed, and fully secreted, its clearance is equal to GFR.
    • GFR is an important indicator of kidney function.

    Lipoproteins

    • Lipoproteins differ in their composition, density, and functions.
    • Lipoproteins are complexes of lipids and proteins that transport lipids in the bloodstream.

    Diabetes Mellitus

    • Pro-insulin is processed in the endoplasmic reticulum by removing a leader sequence of 23 amino acids.
    • The main symptoms of severe diabetes include polyuria, thirst, blurred vision, and weight loss.

    Disorders of the Liver

    • The main disorders of the liver include jaundice, cirrhosis, tumors, and hepatitis.
    • Bile is a mixture of electrolytes, bile acids, cholesterol, phospholipids, and bilirubin.

    Cholesterol

    • Gallstones are formed when cholesterol precipitates from solution, often due to liver damage or obstruction of a bile duct.
    • Jaundice is a clinical term referring to the yellowing of body tissues due to the deposition of bilirubin.

    Water and Electrolyte Balance

    • Water accelerates a large number of chemical reactions in the body due to its ionizing power.
    • Hypervolemia occurs when too much water and solute are absorbed at the same time, leading to an increase in extracellular fluid volume.
    • The thirst mechanism is the primary regulator of water intake and involves hormonal and neural input as well as voluntary behaviors.

    Acid-Base Balance

    • Respiratory acidosis is characterized by increased pCO2 due to inadequate alveolar ventilation (hypoventilation) and consequent reduced elimination of CO2 from the blood.
    • Metabolic acidosis occurs when the body produces too much acid or cannot remove enough acid from the body.
    • The body has mechanisms that regulate fluid levels within a narrow range, including ADH, thirst, sympathetic nervous system, and kidneys.

    Minerals

    • Sodium absorption is very efficient in both the small intestine and colon.
    • The level of potassium in the blood can be affected by various factors, including vomiting, diarrhea, and Cushing syndrome.
    • Zinc is an essential mineral required for a variety of physiological functions, including transport of oxygen, working of the nervous system, and muscle contraction.

    Insulin and Glucagon

    • Insulin is synthesized in the beta cells of the pancreatic islets and promotes glucose uptake and storage.
    • Glucagon, produced by the alpha cells of the pancreatic islets, promotes glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis.

    Kidney Function

    • The cortex of the kidney contains the glomeruli, proximal convoluted tubules, and distal convoluted tubules.
    • The kidney performs major functions, including excretion, synthesis, detoxification, and storage.

    Lipid Metabolism

    • Abnormal levels of lipids, especially cholesterol, can lead to atherosclerosis and other problems.

    • LDL (low-density lipoprotein) is often referred to as "bad" cholesterol, while HDL (high-density lipoprotein) is referred to as "good" cholesterol.### Fluid Balance and Electrolytes

    • Dehydration occurs when ECF decreases due to a decrease in both water and solute at the same time, but osmolarity remains normal.

    • Hypervolemia is the opposite of dehydration, where ECF increases due to an increase in both water and solute.

    • Overhydration is not the same as hypervolemia, as it refers to an excess of water in the body.

    Mineral Deficiencies

    • Acrodermatitis enteropathica is a condition caused by the inability to absorb zinc ions.
    • Zinc deficiency leads to skin lesions, impaired wound healing, and impaired immune function.

    Tissue Distribution of Minerals

    • Tissues rich in mitochondria and pigments, such as the retina and dark skin, tend to have high concentrations of copper.
    • Copper is essential for the production of melanin, which gives color to the skin and hair.

    Fluid Overload and Hormonal Regulation

    • Fluid overload causes hypervolemia, which can lead to edema and hypertension.
    • The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is activated in response to changes in body hemodynamics, such as decreased blood volume or pressure.
    • When the RAAS is activated, the sympathetic nervous system stimulates the juxtaglomerular cells in the kidneys to release renin.
    • Renin catalyzes the conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin, which stimulates the adrenal glands to release aldosterone.
    • Aldosterone targets the distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts in the kidneys, stimulating the reabsorption of sodium and water.

    Aldosterone Function

    • Aldosterone plays a crucial role in regulating electrolyte balance and blood pressure.
    • It increases the reabsorption of sodium and water in the kidneys, leading to increased blood volume and pressure.

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    Test your knowledge of human physiology, specifically the compartments and composition of body fluids, and the effects of changes in fluid volume and osmolarity.

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