Physiology of Body Fluids

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Questions and Answers

What is the volume of extracellular fluid (ECF) as a percentage of body weight for a 70 kg individual?

14 kg

10 kg

20 kg (correct)

40 kg

What mechanism accelerates chemical reactions in the body due to its ionizing power?

Heat regulation

Solvent (correct)

Lubricating actions

Catalytic action

Which condition occurs when both water and solute are ingested excessively, causing an increase in extracellular fluid volume while plasma osmolarity remains normal?

Dehydration

Hypervolemia (correct)

Hypovolemia

Overhydration

When does the thirst mechanism become active?

All of these Signup and view all the answers

What are possible effects of even mild disruptions in the normal pH range?

All of them Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is caused by increased pCO2 due to inadequate alveolar ventilation and reduced CO2 elimination from the blood?

Respiratory acidosis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of respiratory alkalosis?

All of them Signup and view all the answers

Which organs is sodium absorption most efficient?

Small intestine and colon Signup and view all the answers

How many amino acid residues are removed from pro-insulin in the endoplasmic reticulum?

33 A.A. Signup and view all the answers

What are the main symptoms of severe diabetes?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What mixture contains electrolytes, bile acids, cholesterol, phospholipids, and bilirubin?

Bile Signup and view all the answers

What results predominantly from cholesterol when it precipitates from solution due to liver damage or obstruction of a bile duct?

Gallstones Signup and view all the answers

What clinical term refers to the yellowing of body tissues due to bilirubin deposition?

Jaundice Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is crucial for the production of ultrafiltrate in the kidneys?

Glomeruli Signup and view all the answers

Which condition involves reduced tubular function with a normal glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the main aspect investigated during acute kidney injury?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following findings indicate an abnormal liver function?

Urobilinogen absent, bilirubin present in urine, serum ALP high Signup and view all the answers

Which mineral is a crucial component of body proteins and is also found in hair and nails?

Sulfur Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism contributes to a decrease in plasma calcium concentration?

The action of calcitonin on the kidney Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following enzymes requires pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) as a cofactor?

Glycogen phosphorylase Signup and view all the answers

Which organ in the body cannot perform beta oxidation and therefore uses ketone bodies when glucose is depleted?

Brain Signup and view all the answers

Deamination is a catabolism reaction whereby the alpha amino group of an amino acid is removed. What is formed?

An α-keto acid and ammonia Signup and view all the answers

Which volume corresponds to the intracellular fluid (ICF) expressed as a percentage of body weight (100 kg)?

40 kg Signup and view all the answers

What condition occurs when water, but not solute, is lost, leading to an increase in plasma osmolarity?

Dehydration Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following mechanisms does NOT regulate fluid levels within a narrow range?

Liver Signup and view all the answers

Which function is accelerated by water in many chemical reactions due to its ionizing power?

Catalytic action Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the balance maintained by chemical buffers, red cells, and the function of the lung, kidneys, and brain?

Preserve acid-base homeostasis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions results in a decrease in pH, an increase in HCO3, and an increase in pCO2?

Respiratory acidosis Signup and view all the answers

A major cation contributing to the osmolality of extracellular fluid is:

Sodium Signup and view all the answers

Absorption largely occurs in the jejunum for which mineral?

Calcium Signup and view all the answers

What process allows glucose to enter B-cells?

Facilitated diffusion Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a function performed by the liver?

Synthesis Signup and view all the answers

Which metabolic processes does the liver perform?

Nitrogen metabolism Signup and view all the answers

Which component is not part of bile?

Nitrogen Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is found in the cortex of the kidney?

Glomeruli Signup and view all the answers

What is a component of proximal tubules?

All these Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible cause of a reduced glomerular filtration rate with normal tubular function?

Oliguria Signup and view all the answers

What is a cause of high cholesterol?

Genetics Signup and view all the answers

ADH is which of the following?

Hormone secreted by the pituitary Signup and view all the answers

Polydipsia refers to:

Thirst and increased fluid intake Signup and view all the answers

A glucose tolerance test typically measures blood glucose after how long?

2 hours Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements does not apply to type 1 diabetes?

Non-insulin-dependent Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the yellowish product of normal RBC catabolism?

Bilirubin Signup and view all the answers

Ferritin is the storage form of which element?

Fe Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the potent stimulators of aldosterone secretion?

Increased potassium concentration Signup and view all the answers

A known side effect of aspirin is:

Metabolic acidosis Signup and view all the answers

A student is nervous for a big exam and is breathing rapidly, what do you expect?

Respiratory alkalosis Signup and view all the answers

Metabolic alkalosis includes all the following except?

Thiazide diuretic therapy Signup and view all the answers

Transport of sodium in the renal tubules involves:

Na/K-ATPase located on the membrane of distal tubules Signup and view all the answers

The pH of the body fluids is stabilized by buffer systems. Which of the following buffers is the most effective at physiological pH?

Bicarbonate buffer Signup and view all the answers

What are hormones inhibiting gluconeogenesis?

Insulin Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following enzyme is a sensitive marker of alcoholic liver disease?

Aspartate transaminase Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following laboratory measurement best indicates blood glucose control over a period of weeks?

Measurement of HbA1c Signup and view all the answers

Hyponatremia is decreased serum Na concentration caused by?

Diuretic use Signup and view all the answers

Where is the majority of potassium found in the body?

Intracellular space Signup and view all the answers

In response to severe injury, where is intracellular potassium released?

Into the extracellular space Signup and view all the answers

What causes a movement of potassium from extracellular to intracellular fluid?

Alkalosis Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone promotes the excretion of potassium?

Aldosterone Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by an arterial blood pH of 7.25?

Metabolic acidosis Signup and view all the answers

Which trace element is essential for hemoglobin formation?

Iron Signup and view all the answers

What stimulates the respiratory system to increase hydrogen ion concentration?

Increased hydrogen ion concentration Signup and view all the answers

What role does the kidney play in acid-base balance?

Both A and B Signup and view all the answers

Which compartment has the least amount of total body water (TBW)?

Intravascular compartment (plasma) Signup and view all the answers

What condition occurs when extracellular fluid decreases because both water and solute decrease simultaneously but osmolarity remains normal?

Hypovolemia Signup and view all the answers

Which metal ion's absorption failure causes acrodermatitis enteropathica?

Zinc Signup and view all the answers

High concentrations of which element are found in tissues rich in mitochondria and pigments such as the retina and dark skin?

Iron Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of fluid overload?

Overhydration Signup and view all the answers

Activation of the RAAS due to changes in body hemodynamics stimulates which substance's release from the juxtaglomerular cells in the kidneys?

Renin Signup and view all the answers

What is the target tissue for Aldosterone?

Distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts Signup and view all the answers

What is the likely biochemical diagnosis with Bilirubin- 4.5 mg/dl, ALT- 150 IU/L, AST- 200 IU/L, and Albumin- 25 mg/dL?

Acute hepatic disease Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a metabolic function of the liver?

Synthesis and Assembly of Chylomicrons Signup and view all the answers

A person weighs 86.5 kg, what is the approximate amount of plasma in their body?

17.3 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following serum measurements are used for the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus type 1 and type II?

Fasting blood glucose Signup and view all the answers

Quantitatively, the most significant buffer system in plasma is

Carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system Signup and view all the answers

The water produced during the oxidation of food in an adult is about

500 ml/day Signup and view all the answers

Deficiency of magnesium may occur with

Alcoholism Signup and view all the answers

Hypocalcaemia can occur in all the following except

Hyperparathyroidism Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Urobilinogen and Bilirubin

Urobilinogen is absent in urine, but bilirubin is present, indicating a problem with the liver or bile ducts.
Microglobulin excretion in urine is a sensitive indicator of tubular damage.

Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)

When a substance is freely filtered, not reabsorbed, and fully secreted, its clearance is equal to GFR.
GFR is an important indicator of kidney function.

Lipoproteins

Lipoproteins differ in their composition, density, and functions.
Lipoproteins are complexes of lipids and proteins that transport lipids in the bloodstream.

Diabetes Mellitus

Pro-insulin is processed in the endoplasmic reticulum by removing a leader sequence of 23 amino acids.
The main symptoms of severe diabetes include polyuria, thirst, blurred vision, and weight loss.

Disorders of the Liver

The main disorders of the liver include jaundice, cirrhosis, tumors, and hepatitis.
Bile is a mixture of electrolytes, bile acids, cholesterol, phospholipids, and bilirubin.

Cholesterol

Gallstones are formed when cholesterol precipitates from solution, often due to liver damage or obstruction of a bile duct.
Jaundice is a clinical term referring to the yellowing of body tissues due to the deposition of bilirubin.

Water and Electrolyte Balance

Water accelerates a large number of chemical reactions in the body due to its ionizing power.
Hypervolemia occurs when too much water and solute are absorbed at the same time, leading to an increase in extracellular fluid volume.
The thirst mechanism is the primary regulator of water intake and involves hormonal and neural input as well as voluntary behaviors.

Acid-Base Balance

Respiratory acidosis is characterized by increased pCO2 due to inadequate alveolar ventilation (hypoventilation) and consequent reduced elimination of CO2 from the blood.
Metabolic acidosis occurs when the body produces too much acid or cannot remove enough acid from the body.
The body has mechanisms that regulate fluid levels within a narrow range, including ADH, thirst, sympathetic nervous system, and kidneys.

Minerals

Sodium absorption is very efficient in both the small intestine and colon.
The level of potassium in the blood can be affected by various factors, including vomiting, diarrhea, and Cushing syndrome.
Zinc is an essential mineral required for a variety of physiological functions, including transport of oxygen, working of the nervous system, and muscle contraction.

Insulin and Glucagon

Insulin is synthesized in the beta cells of the pancreatic islets and promotes glucose uptake and storage.
Glucagon, produced by the alpha cells of the pancreatic islets, promotes glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis.

Kidney Function

The cortex of the kidney contains the glomeruli, proximal convoluted tubules, and distal convoluted tubules.
The kidney performs major functions, including excretion, synthesis, detoxification, and storage.

Lipid Metabolism

Abnormal levels of lipids, especially cholesterol, can lead to atherosclerosis and other problems.
LDL (low-density lipoprotein) is often referred to as "bad" cholesterol, while HDL (high-density lipoprotein) is referred to as "good" cholesterol.### Fluid Balance and Electrolytes
Dehydration occurs when ECF decreases due to a decrease in both water and solute at the same time, but osmolarity remains normal.
Hypervolemia is the opposite of dehydration, where ECF increases due to an increase in both water and solute.
Overhydration is not the same as hypervolemia, as it refers to an excess of water in the body.

Mineral Deficiencies

Acrodermatitis enteropathica is a condition caused by the inability to absorb zinc ions.
Zinc deficiency leads to skin lesions, impaired wound healing, and impaired immune function.

Tissue Distribution of Minerals

Tissues rich in mitochondria and pigments, such as the retina and dark skin, tend to have high concentrations of copper.
Copper is essential for the production of melanin, which gives color to the skin and hair.

Fluid Overload and Hormonal Regulation

Fluid overload causes hypervolemia, which can lead to edema and hypertension.
The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is activated in response to changes in body hemodynamics, such as decreased blood volume or pressure.
When the RAAS is activated, the sympathetic nervous system stimulates the juxtaglomerular cells in the kidneys to release renin.
Renin catalyzes the conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin, which stimulates the adrenal glands to release aldosterone.
Aldosterone targets the distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts in the kidneys, stimulating the reabsorption of sodium and water.

Aldosterone Function

Aldosterone plays a crucial role in regulating electrolyte balance and blood pressure.
It increases the reabsorption of sodium and water in the kidneys, leading to increased blood volume and pressure.

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Test your knowledge of human physiology, specifically the compartments and composition of body fluids, and the effects of changes in fluid volume and osmolarity.