Physiology of Adrenaline and Noradrenaline
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Questions and Answers

What is the function of somatostatin in the pancreas?

  • Stimulates insulin production
  • Inhibits glucagon production
  • Inhibits insulin and glucagon production (correct)
  • Promotes growth hormone secretion

    • The pineal gland secretes melatonin, which helps regulate the body's biological clock.

    True

    Name the hormone produced by the thymus gland that promotes T cell maturation.

    Thymosin

    The ovaries secrete estrogens and __________, which are responsible for the maintenance of female reproductive health.

    <p>progesterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following glands with their primary hormones:

    <p>Pancreas = Somatostatin Pineal gland = Melatonin Thymus = Thymosin Ovaries = Estrogens and Progesterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gland is responsible for hormonally regulating sleep patterns?

    <p>Pineal gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The testes are responsible for secreting estrogens.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate weight of the thymus gland at birth?

    <p>10-12 g</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone from the adrenal cortex is primarily responsible for regulating metabolism and responses to stress?

    <p>Cortisol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The adrenal medulla produces glucocorticoid hormones.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three groups of steroid hormones produced by the adrenal cortex?

    <p>Glucocorticoids, Mineralocorticoids, Sex hormones (androgens)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The adrenal glands are located __________ to the kidneys.

    <p>superior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following hormones to their corresponding groups:

    <p>Cortisol = Glucocorticoid Aldosterone = Mineralocorticoid Androgens = Sex hormones Adrenaline = Medulla hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is not produced by the adrenal cortex?

    <p>Adrenaline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The medulla of the adrenal gland is essential for life.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary stimulus for the release of glucocorticoids like cortisol?

    <p>ACTH from anterior pituitary and stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of glucagon?

    <p>To increase blood glucose levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Adrenaline and noradrenaline are released from the adrenal cortex.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name the hormone that lowers raised blood nutrient levels.

    <p>Insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The pancreas has both endocrine and ______ functions.

    <p>exocrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells in the pancreatic islets are responsible for secreting insulin?

    <p>Beta cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Insulin reduces blood glucose levels and promotes the storage of nutrients.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the pancreatic hormones with their functions:

    <p>Insulin = Lowers blood glucose levels Glucagon = Increases blood glucose levels Somatostatin = Inhibits hormone secretion from other cells Adrenaline = Prepares the body for fight or flight response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two hormones primarily involved in regulating blood glucose levels?

    <p>Insulin and Glucagon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Adrenaline and Noradrenaline

    • Noradrenaline serves as a postganglionic neurotransmitter within the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system.
    • Both adrenaline and noradrenaline are released into the bloodstream from the adrenal medulla during sympathetic activation.
    • The hormones from the adrenal medulla enhance and prolong sympathetic nervous system stimulation.

    The Pancreas

    • Functions as both an endocrine and exocrine organ.
    • Contains three main types of cells in the pancreatic islets:
      • Alpha cells produce glucagon.
      • Beta cells, which are the most abundant, secrete insulin.
      • Delta cells release somatostatin (GHRIH).

    Blood Glucose Regulation

    • Normal blood glucose levels range from 3.5 to 8 mmol/litre (63 to 144 mg/100 mL).
    • Insulin and glucagon have opposing effects on blood glucose:
      • Glucagon increases blood glucose levels.
      • Insulin decreases blood glucose levels.

    Hormonal Functions in the Pancreas

    • Insulin:

      • Lowers elevated blood nutrient levels (glucose, amino acids, fatty acids).
      • Supports nutrient storage, particularly when there's an excess.

    • Glucagon:

      • Increases blood glucose by stimulating glycogenolysis (conversion of glycogen to glucose) in the liver and muscles.
      • Secretion is triggered by low blood glucose and exercise, and inhibited by somatostatin and insulin.

    • Somatostatin (GHRIH):

      • Inhibits the secretion of both insulin and glucagon.
      • Also suppresses growth hormone (GH) release from the anterior pituitary.

    Pineal Gland

    • A small endocrine gland in the brain, approximately 10 mm long and reddish-brown in color.
    • Often atrophies after puberty and may calcify with age.

    Melatonin

    • Secreted by the pineal gland.
    • Promotes sleepiness and helps regulate the body's biological clock.

    Thymus Gland

    • Located in the upper mediastinum; birth weight: 10-12 g, increases to 20-30 g during childhood, reduces to 3-6 g in old age.

    Thymosin

    • Hormones from the thymus promote proliferation and maturation of T cells, which combat microbes and foreign substances.
    • Thymic hormones may also aid in slowing down aging processes.

    Ovaries and Testes (Gonads)

    • Ovaries:

      • Female gonads located in the pelvic cavity.
      • Secrete estrogens and progesterone, which develop female sexual characteristics and regulate reproductive systems.
      • Produce relaxin to soften connective tissues for childbirth.

    • Testes:

      • Male gonads located in the scrotum.
      • Secrete testosterone and other hormones responsible for male sexual characteristics and reproductive functions.

    Adrenal Glands

    • Paired adrenal glands are positioned above the kidneys, measuring around 4 cm long and 3 cm thick.
    • Comprised of the adrenal cortex (essential for life) and adrenal medulla (non-essential).

    Hormones of the Adrenal Gland

    • Adrenal Cortex:

      • Produces steroids from cholesterol called adrenocorticosteroids.
      • Three main groups:
        • Glucocorticoids (e.g., cortisol, cortisone).
        • Mineralocorticoids (e.g., aldosterone).
        • Sex hormones (androgens).

    • Adrenal Medulla:

      • Produces adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline (norepinephrine).

    Glucocorticoids

    • Cortisol is the primary glucocorticoid and is vital for metabolism and stress response.
    • Stimulated by ACTH from the anterior pituitary and stress levels.
    • Has anti-inflammatory properties.

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    Description

    This quiz focuses on the roles of adrenaline and noradrenaline in the sympathetic nervous system. It highlights how these hormones are released and their effects on physiological responses. Test your knowledge on these crucial neurotransmitters and their functions.

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