أسئلة المحاضرة الـ 18 فسيولوجي (قبل التعديل)
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary factor that influences fluid movement from blood to interstitial fluid?

  • Capillary hydrostatic pressure (correct)
  • Plasma osmotic pressure
  • Interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure
  • Interstitial fluid colloid pressure

    • How much fluid is typically drained by the lymphatic system daily?

  • 2 liters (correct)
  • 20 liters
  • 4 liters
  • 18 liters

    • Which principle describes the passage of fluid across the capillary membrane?

  • Bernoulli's equation
  • Fick's law
  • Ohm's law
  • Starling's principle (correct)

    • What is the total amount of fluid filtered at the arterial ends of capillaries each day?

    <p>20 liters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors does NOT influence fluid movement across capillaries?

    <p>Oxygen diffusion rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average capillary pressure at the arterial end?

    <p>30 mmHg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pressure is considered the main absorbing force in the capillary membrane?

    <p>Capillary colloid osmotic pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the total outward force at the venous end?

    <p>21 mmHg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of interstitial fluid pressure at the venous end?

    <p>It remains unchanged at 3 mmHg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average functional mean capillary pressure?

    <p>17.3 mmHg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor contributes positively to interstitial fluid pressure?

    <p>Donnan effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure affect fluid movement?

    <p>It counteracts fluid movement to the interstitium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which tissue does the interstitial fluid pressure indicate a positive value?

    <p>Kidney</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the net filtration pressure at the arterial end of capillaries?

    <p>13 mmHg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At the venous end of capillaries, what is the total force acting inward?

    <p>28 mmHg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which value represents the mean effective capillary pressure?

    <p>17.3 mmHg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the majority of fluid at the venous end of capillaries?

    <p>It flows into lymph vessels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Among the forces moving fluid, what is the value of plasma colloid osmotic pressure?

    <p>28 mmHg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of interstitial fluid pressure in this context?

    <p>It is negative and contributes to fluid movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following represents the mean outward force calculated?

    <p>28 mmHg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a net outward force of 0.3 mmHg indicate?

    <p>A state of equilibrium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors would increase the movement of fluid from blood to interstitial fluid?

    <p>Decreased interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the total volume of fluid that remains in the bloodstream after filtration and reabsorption at the venous ends of capillaries?

    <p>18 liters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which fluid dynamics principle states that the rate and direction of fluid movement is related to the sum of hydrostatic and osmotic forces?

    <p>Starling's principle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors would likely hinder the movement of fluid into the bloodstream from the interstitial fluid?

    <p>Increased interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the lymphatic system play in relation to interstitial fluid?

    <p>It drains excess interstitial fluid to prevent swelling.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the total outward force at the arterial end of capillaries?

    <p>41 mmHg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How much is the negative interstitial fluid pressure at the arterial end?

    <p>3 mmHg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following pressures is responsible for causing fluid to move inward through the capillary membrane?

    <p>Plasma colloid osmotic pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average plasma colloid osmotic pressure at the venous end?

    <p>28 mmHg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following tissues is associated with a positive interstitial fluid pressure?

    <p>Kidney</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effective mean capillary pressure?

    <p>17.3 mmHg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At the venous end of capillaries, what is the total inward force calculated?

    <p>21 mmHg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor contributes least to the outward movement of fluid through the capillary membrane?

    <p>Plasma colloid osmotic pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What pressure represents the primary inward force at both arterial and venous ends of the capillaries?

    <p>Plasma colloid osmotic pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the net filtration pressure at the venous end of the capillaries?

    <p>7 mmHg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How much fluid is reabsorbed by the venous capillaries relative to the amount filtered?

    <p>9/10 of the filtered fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes to the mean effective capillary pressure within the circulation?

    <p>Outward and inward forces averaged</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the contribution of negative interstitial fluid pressure to the total outward force calculation?

    <p>It adds 3 mmHg.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the implication of having a net outward force of 0.3 mmHg?

    <p>Fluid movement favors outward flow.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of lymphatics in the context of fluid movement in capillaries?

    <p>They return excess interstitial fluid to circulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Physiology Lecture (18) - Interstitial Fluid and Filtration

    • Interstitial Fluid:

      • The space between cells, comprising about 1/6 of body tissue.
      • Gel-like fluid entrapped in the interstitium.
      • Body fluids continually move out of blood into it, and back.

    • Filtration:

      • Movement of body fluids across capillary membranes, driven by hydrostatic and osmotic pressure differences.

    • Starling's Principle:

      • The rate and direction of fluid movement are proportional to the algebraic sum of hydrostatic and osmotic forces.

    • Starling Equation:

      • Describes the net fluid flux across a capillary membrane.
        • Net fluid flux = Kf [(Pc - Pi) - σ(πc - πi)]
          • Kf = Filtration coefficient
          • Pc = Capillary hydrostatic pressure
          • Pi = Interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure
          • σ = Reflection coefficient
          • πc = Capillary colloid osmotic pressure
          • πi = Interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure

    • Forces in Filtration:

      • Outward (Filtration) Forces:
        • Capillary hydrostatic pressure (30 mmHg at arterial end, 10 mmHg at venous end)
        • Net interstitial fluid pressure (-3 mmHg)
        • Negative interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure (8 mmHg)
      • Inward (Reabsorption) Forces:
        • Plasma colloid osmotic pressure (28 mmHg)

    • Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure (PC):

      • Pushes fluid out of capillaries, stronger at arterial end (30 mmHg).
      • Pushes fluid back into capillaries, weaker at venous end (10 mmHg)
      • Average effective capillary pressure is 17.3 mmHg

    • Interstitial Fluid Hydrostatic Pressure (Pi):

      • Fluid pressure in interstitial spaces.
      • Tends to draw fluid into the capillary, generally negative (-3 mmHg)

    • Plasma Colloid Osmotic Pressure (πc):

      • Osmotic pressure exerted by plasma proteins, strong and inward drawing force (28 mmHg).
      • 9 mmHg generated by plasma proteins, with added ionic contributions (Donnan effect)

    • Interstitial Fluid Colloid Osmotic Pressure (πi):

      • Osmotic pressure exerted by proteins in the interstitial fluid, pulling fluid into the interstitial space (8 mmHg).
      • Lower protein concentration in interstitial fluid
      • Average protein concentration is approximately 3 gm/100 ml interstitial fluid, generating an osmotic pressure of 8 mmHg for reabsorption.

    • Formation and Drainage of Interstitial Fluid:

      • 20 liters of fluid are filtered daily.
      • 18 liters are reabsorbed.
      • 2 liters are drained by the lymphatic system.

    • Dynamic of Flow Across Capillary Membrane:

      • The balance of forces determine the net filtration pressure.
      • At the arterial end, outward forces (41 mmHg) are greater than inward forces (28 mmHg), creating 13 mmHg of net filtration.
      • At the venous end, outward forces (21 mmHg) are less than inward forces (28 mmHg), creating 7 mmHg net reabsorption.

    • Starling's Equilibrium:

      • A state of near equilibrium where slight imbalances are handled by the lymphatic system.
      • Mean functional capillary pressure is about 17.3 mmHg.
      • The small imbalance (0.3 mmHg) leads to net filtration, essential for fluid return to the circulatory system.

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