Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of Leydig cells in the testes?
What is the primary function of Leydig cells in the testes?
- Produce estrogen
- Facilitate sperm maturation
- Form the blood-testis barrier
- Secrete testosterone (correct)
The corpus luteum primarily secretes testosterone during the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle.
The corpus luteum primarily secretes testosterone during the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle.
False (B)
What is the result of the LH surge during ovulation?
What is the result of the LH surge during ovulation?
Initiates meiosis in the oocyte and promotes ovulation.
Testosterone is converted to estrogen via __________.
Testosterone is converted to estrogen via __________.
Match the following reproductive hormones with their primary function:
Match the following reproductive hormones with their primary function:
Which of the following hormones negatively feedbacks LH secretion?
Which of the following hormones negatively feedbacks LH secretion?
Microglia act as the immune system in the central nervous system.
Microglia act as the immune system in the central nervous system.
What is oogenesis?
What is oogenesis?
The __________ phase of the menstrual cycle involves the disintegration of the endometrium.
The __________ phase of the menstrual cycle involves the disintegration of the endometrium.
Match the areas of the brain with their primary function:
Match the areas of the brain with their primary function:
Which cells are responsible for forming the blood-testis barrier?
Which cells are responsible for forming the blood-testis barrier?
The hypothalamus is responsible for maintaining homeostasis in the body.
The hypothalamus is responsible for maintaining homeostasis in the body.
What role does relaxin play during parturition?
What role does relaxin play during parturition?
The __________ phase follows ovulation and is characterized by the presence of the corpus luteum.
The __________ phase follows ovulation and is characterized by the presence of the corpus luteum.
Match the terms with their definitions:
Match the terms with their definitions:
Which type of cell function involves obtaining food and making energy?
Which type of cell function involves obtaining food and making energy?
Positive feedback loops always cause problems if they do not have an exit point.
Positive feedback loops always cause problems if they do not have an exit point.
Name the type of RNA that brings amino acids to the ribosome.
Name the type of RNA that brings amino acids to the ribosome.
The organelles responsible for producing and degrading H2O2 are called __________.
The organelles responsible for producing and degrading H2O2 are called __________.
Match the following hormones with their functions:
Match the following hormones with their functions:
Which of the following is NOT a primary function of membrane proteins?
Which of the following is NOT a primary function of membrane proteins?
The Nernst equation calculates the concentration ratios of ions inside and outside the cell for membrane potential.
The Nernst equation calculates the concentration ratios of ions inside and outside the cell for membrane potential.
What is the main role of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?
What is the main role of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?
The __________ system regulates the secretion of another hormone.
The __________ system regulates the secretion of another hormone.
Which condition occurs when there is an excess of ACTH leading to cortisol overproduction?
Which condition occurs when there is an excess of ACTH leading to cortisol overproduction?
Hydrophilic hormones primarily alter existing proteins through phosphorylation.
Hydrophilic hormones primarily alter existing proteins through phosphorylation.
What is the primary effect of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?
What is the primary effect of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?
The __________ is responsible for secreting hormones that influence metabolism and blood pressure.
The __________ is responsible for secreting hormones that influence metabolism and blood pressure.
What is the resting membrane potential of a typical neuron?
What is the resting membrane potential of a typical neuron?
Which part of the brain is primarily responsible for declarative memory?
Which part of the brain is primarily responsible for declarative memory?
Sensitization results in a lower response from a stimulus due to a preceding strong stimulus.
Sensitization results in a lower response from a stimulus due to a preceding strong stimulus.
What is the resting state of a muscle cell known as?
What is the resting state of a muscle cell known as?
The _______ is responsible for processing sound waves into nerve impulses.
The _______ is responsible for processing sound waves into nerve impulses.
Match the following neurotransmitters with their associated function:
Match the following neurotransmitters with their associated function:
Which type of muscle fiber is most resistant to fatigue?
Which type of muscle fiber is most resistant to fatigue?
The sympathetic nervous system is primarily responsible for rest and digest functions.
The sympathetic nervous system is primarily responsible for rest and digest functions.
What is the primary role of the cerebellum in terms of memory?
What is the primary role of the cerebellum in terms of memory?
The _______ protects the eye by burying it in a cushion of fat.
The _______ protects the eye by burying it in a cushion of fat.
Which type of muscle contraction occurs when the muscle lengthens under tension?
Which type of muscle contraction occurs when the muscle lengthens under tension?
Pain from mechanical damage is mediated by nociceptors.
Pain from mechanical damage is mediated by nociceptors.
What is the main function of the Golgi tendon organs?
What is the main function of the Golgi tendon organs?
Alpha motor neurons innervate skeletal muscle fibers at the _______.
Alpha motor neurons innervate skeletal muscle fibers at the _______.
Match the following parts of the eye with their functions:
Match the following parts of the eye with their functions:
What is the primary role of Sertoli cells in the testes?
What is the primary role of Sertoli cells in the testes?
Progesterone is primarily produced by the corpus luteum during the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle.
Progesterone is primarily produced by the corpus luteum during the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle.
What hormone surge initiates ovulation?
What hormone surge initiates ovulation?
The process of sperm production is called __________.
The process of sperm production is called __________.
Match the following ovarian cycle phases with their descriptions:
Match the following ovarian cycle phases with their descriptions:
What is the role of aromatase in hormone conversion?
What is the role of aromatase in hormone conversion?
Inhibin is secreted by Leydig cells.
Inhibin is secreted by Leydig cells.
What structure forms the blood-brain barrier?
What structure forms the blood-brain barrier?
During parturition, oxytocin is responsible for __________.
During parturition, oxytocin is responsible for __________.
Match the following parts of the brain with their primary functions:
Match the following parts of the brain with their primary functions:
What initiates the menstrual phase of the cycle?
What initiates the menstrual phase of the cycle?
The corpus luteum remains active throughout the entire menstrual cycle, regardless of pregnancy.
The corpus luteum remains active throughout the entire menstrual cycle, regardless of pregnancy.
What is the primary function of kisspeptin in the reproductive system?
What is the primary function of kisspeptin in the reproductive system?
The cycle of hormone release during the ovarian cycle is primarily controlled by __________.
The cycle of hormone release during the ovarian cycle is primarily controlled by __________.
Match the following glial cells with their functions:
Match the following glial cells with their functions:
Which brain region is primarily responsible for procedural memory?
Which brain region is primarily responsible for procedural memory?
Short-term memory permanently stores information.
Short-term memory permanently stores information.
What neurotransmitter is primarily involved in pain signaling?
What neurotransmitter is primarily involved in pain signaling?
The __________ are responsible for receiving sound waves in the inner ear.
The __________ are responsible for receiving sound waves in the inner ear.
Match the types of muscle fibers with their characteristics:
Match the types of muscle fibers with their characteristics:
Which type of muscle contraction occurs with constant muscle length?
Which type of muscle contraction occurs with constant muscle length?
The pons is involved in regulating the heartbeat.
The pons is involved in regulating the heartbeat.
What is the function of the vestibular apparatus?
What is the function of the vestibular apparatus?
The __________ is the part of the eye responsible for focusing light on the retina.
The __________ is the part of the eye responsible for focusing light on the retina.
Match the following receptors with their functions:
Match the following receptors with their functions:
In muscle physiology, what leads to twitch summation?
In muscle physiology, what leads to twitch summation?
Efferent neurons are responsible for carrying information from the brain to the body.
Efferent neurons are responsible for carrying information from the brain to the body.
What is the role of gamma motor neurons in muscle spindles?
What is the role of gamma motor neurons in muscle spindles?
During the sliding filament mechanism, myosin heads attach to __________.
During the sliding filament mechanism, myosin heads attach to __________.
Which of the following is NOT a function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?
The body fluid distribution is 40% intracellular fluid (ICF) and 20% extracellular fluid (ECF).
The body fluid distribution is 40% intracellular fluid (ICF) and 20% extracellular fluid (ECF).
Name the three types of RNA involved in protein synthesis.
Name the three types of RNA involved in protein synthesis.
The __________ system involves reactions to anticipated changes.
The __________ system involves reactions to anticipated changes.
Match the following cell organelles with their functions:
Match the following cell organelles with their functions:
Which of the following correctly describes the function of desmosomes?
Which of the following correctly describes the function of desmosomes?
Graded potentials cause action potentials to occur at a consistent magnitude regardless of stimuli.
Graded potentials cause action potentials to occur at a consistent magnitude regardless of stimuli.
What is the main purpose of the Na+/K+ pump?
What is the main purpose of the Na+/K+ pump?
Hyperpolarization occurs when the membrane potential becomes __________ negative.
Hyperpolarization occurs when the membrane potential becomes __________ negative.
Match the following hormones with their primary functions:
Match the following hormones with their primary functions:
Which type of diffusion is characterized by movement from areas of higher to lower concentration?
Which type of diffusion is characterized by movement from areas of higher to lower concentration?
Hormones are always secreted by glands in response to changes in the internal environment.
Hormones are always secreted by glands in response to changes in the internal environment.
What role does the adrenal medulla play in the body's stress response?
What role does the adrenal medulla play in the body's stress response?
The primary component of extracellular fluid is __________.
The primary component of extracellular fluid is __________.
What triggers gamete production during puberty?
What triggers gamete production during puberty?
Which cells are responsible for the development of the blood-testis barrier?
Which cells are responsible for the development of the blood-testis barrier?
What phase of the menstrual cycle is characterized by the growth of the endometrium?
What phase of the menstrual cycle is characterized by the growth of the endometrium?
Which hormone negatively regulates FSH secretion?
Which hormone negatively regulates FSH secretion?
What is the primary function of the corpus luteum after ovulation?
What is the primary function of the corpus luteum after ovulation?
The process through which ovaries develop and release an egg is called?
The process through which ovaries develop and release an egg is called?
What is the main role of kisspeptin in the reproductive system?
What is the main role of kisspeptin in the reproductive system?
During which ovarian cycle phase does the LH surge occur?
During which ovarian cycle phase does the LH surge occur?
What ensures the prevention of polyspermy during fertilization?
What ensures the prevention of polyspermy during fertilization?
What is the function of the blood-brain barrier?
What is the function of the blood-brain barrier?
What hormonal change occurs during the menstrual phase of the cycle?
What hormonal change occurs during the menstrual phase of the cycle?
What triggers the changes in uterine lining during the ovarian cycle?
What triggers the changes in uterine lining during the ovarian cycle?
Which brain structure is involved in the relay of sensory information?
Which brain structure is involved in the relay of sensory information?
Which part of the brain is primarily responsible for motor control?
Which part of the brain is primarily responsible for motor control?
What is the primary purpose of the Nernst equation?
What is the primary purpose of the Nernst equation?
Which type of feedback mechanism must have an exit point to avoid problems?
Which type of feedback mechanism must have an exit point to avoid problems?
What mechanism allows thick and thin filaments to interact during muscle contraction?
What mechanism allows thick and thin filaments to interact during muscle contraction?
What is the primary role of the hippocampus in memory processing?
What is the primary role of the hippocampus in memory processing?
What is the primary function of gap junctions in cells?
What is the primary function of gap junctions in cells?
Which of the following hormones is released by the posterior pituitary gland?
Which of the following hormones is released by the posterior pituitary gland?
Which type of receptor is responsible for sensing light?
Which type of receptor is responsible for sensing light?
What characterizes the sympathetic nervous system's preganglionic fibers?
What characterizes the sympathetic nervous system's preganglionic fibers?
What hormone primarily regulates calcium levels in the blood?
What hormone primarily regulates calcium levels in the blood?
What process occurs during long-term potentiation in memory formation?
What process occurs during long-term potentiation in memory formation?
Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs)?
Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs)?
What does an increase in Na+ permeability during an action potential cause?
What does an increase in Na+ permeability during an action potential cause?
Which muscle fiber type is characterized as fatigue-resistant?
Which muscle fiber type is characterized as fatigue-resistant?
Which type of hormone requires carrier proteins for transport in blood?
Which type of hormone requires carrier proteins for transport in blood?
What is the primary neurotransmitter released by all preganglionic fibers?
What is the primary neurotransmitter released by all preganglionic fibers?
What characterizes excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs)?
What characterizes excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs)?
In which cellular process does glycolysis occur?
In which cellular process does glycolysis occur?
What type of muscle contraction occurs when a muscle shortens under tension?
What type of muscle contraction occurs when a muscle shortens under tension?
Which part of the eye is responsible for adjusting the focus of light on the retina?
Which part of the eye is responsible for adjusting the focus of light on the retina?
What is the role of glucagon in metabolism?
What is the role of glucagon in metabolism?
Which type of cellular movement do microfilaments facilitate?
Which type of cellular movement do microfilaments facilitate?
What type of adaptation is characterized by a decrease in response to a sustained stimulus?
What type of adaptation is characterized by a decrease in response to a sustained stimulus?
In what type of sleep does the ECG appear most similar to an awake state?
In what type of sleep does the ECG appear most similar to an awake state?
What happens during hyperpolarization of the membrane?
What happens during hyperpolarization of the membrane?
What neurotransmitter acts as a pain neurotransmitter during nociception?
What neurotransmitter acts as a pain neurotransmitter during nociception?
Which part of the brain is primarily responsible for procedural memory?
Which part of the brain is primarily responsible for procedural memory?
What neurotransmitters are primarily associated with fast pain sensation?
What neurotransmitters are primarily associated with fast pain sensation?
What mechanism allows muscle fibers to make ATP the fastest during contraction?
What mechanism allows muscle fibers to make ATP the fastest during contraction?
Which phenomenon describes the reduced response from a sensory receptor due to continuous stimulation?
Which phenomenon describes the reduced response from a sensory receptor due to continuous stimulation?
In the autonomic nervous system, how do the preganglionic fibers differ in the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions?
In the autonomic nervous system, how do the preganglionic fibers differ in the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions?
Which part of the ear is primarily responsible for converting sound vibrations into nerve impulses?
Which part of the ear is primarily responsible for converting sound vibrations into nerve impulses?
Which type of muscle contraction involves a muscle shortening under a constant load?
Which type of muscle contraction involves a muscle shortening under a constant load?
What happens to the lens of the eye when the ciliary muscle flexes during accommodation?
What happens to the lens of the eye when the ciliary muscle flexes during accommodation?
Which of the following receptors is responsible for detecting the sense of pain?
Which of the following receptors is responsible for detecting the sense of pain?
What role does the medulla play in the brainstem?
What role does the medulla play in the brainstem?
Which condition results from excessive release of calcium ions in muscle cells post-mortem?
Which condition results from excessive release of calcium ions in muscle cells post-mortem?
Which type of receptor responds best to light stimulus?
Which type of receptor responds best to light stimulus?
What primarily facilitates the sliding filament mechanism during muscle contraction?
What primarily facilitates the sliding filament mechanism during muscle contraction?
What hormonal change occurs during puberty that initiates spermatogenesis?
What hormonal change occurs during puberty that initiates spermatogenesis?
Which of the following statements accurately describes the role of the corpus luteum?
Which of the following statements accurately describes the role of the corpus luteum?
Which cells are primarily responsible for the conversion of androgens to estrogen?
Which cells are primarily responsible for the conversion of androgens to estrogen?
What is the primary function of inhibin in the male reproductive system?
What is the primary function of inhibin in the male reproductive system?
Which hormone primarily stimulates the development of the endometrial lining during the menstrual cycle?
Which hormone primarily stimulates the development of the endometrial lining during the menstrual cycle?
Which phase of the ovarian cycle is characterized by the maturation of follicles?
Which phase of the ovarian cycle is characterized by the maturation of follicles?
What type of feedback occurs that initiates ovulation once estrogen levels are sufficiently high?
What type of feedback occurs that initiates ovulation once estrogen levels are sufficiently high?
Which cells function to form the blood-testis barrier?
Which cells function to form the blood-testis barrier?
What occurs during capacitation in terms of sperm function?
What occurs during capacitation in terms of sperm function?
What is one of the primary roles of the hypothalamus in reproductive hormone regulation?
What is one of the primary roles of the hypothalamus in reproductive hormone regulation?
How does the menstrual cycle primarily end?
How does the menstrual cycle primarily end?
Which glial cell type is responsible for the formation of myelin sheaths in the CNS?
Which glial cell type is responsible for the formation of myelin sheaths in the CNS?
What is the primary sensory function of the occipital lobe?
What is the primary sensory function of the occipital lobe?
Which component of the extracellular fluid is primarily responsible for maintaining osmolarity?
Which component of the extracellular fluid is primarily responsible for maintaining osmolarity?
What process primarily occurs in the mitochondria during cellular respiration to produce the majority of ATP?
What process primarily occurs in the mitochondria during cellular respiration to produce the majority of ATP?
Which type of junctions creates a seal to prevent leakage between epithelial cells?
Which type of junctions creates a seal to prevent leakage between epithelial cells?
Which statement accurately describes the GHK Equation?
Which statement accurately describes the GHK Equation?
How does the presence of a hormone that functions as an antagonist affect target cell receptors?
How does the presence of a hormone that functions as an antagonist affect target cell receptors?
What effect does hyperpolarization have on a neuron's membrane potential?
What effect does hyperpolarization have on a neuron's membrane potential?
What is the role of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum in cell physiology?
What is the role of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum in cell physiology?
During which phase of the action potential does the neuron return to its resting state?
During which phase of the action potential does the neuron return to its resting state?
What type of cell communication involves the release of neurotransmitters across synapses?
What type of cell communication involves the release of neurotransmitters across synapses?
Which hormone is primarily secreted by the adrenal cortex to regulate metabolism and stress response?
Which hormone is primarily secreted by the adrenal cortex to regulate metabolism and stress response?
What defines the difference in the duration of action between peptide hormones and steroid hormones?
What defines the difference in the duration of action between peptide hormones and steroid hormones?
In relation to calcium regulation, what is the primary role of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?
In relation to calcium regulation, what is the primary role of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?
Which mechanism involves the release of insulin in anticipation of glucose intake?
Which mechanism involves the release of insulin in anticipation of glucose intake?
What component of the extracellular fluid (ECF) comprises the largest percentage?
What component of the extracellular fluid (ECF) comprises the largest percentage?
What type of transport mechanism uses ATP to pump ions against their concentration gradient?
What type of transport mechanism uses ATP to pump ions against their concentration gradient?
Which type of cell junction provides the strongest connection between two adjacent cells?
Which type of cell junction provides the strongest connection between two adjacent cells?
In the context of signal transduction, what type of receptors are associated with changing gene expression?
In the context of signal transduction, what type of receptors are associated with changing gene expression?
What is the primary function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)?
What is the primary function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)?
What physiological change occurs during repolarization of a neuron?
What physiological change occurs during repolarization of a neuron?
What effect does parathyroid hormone (PTH) have on calcium levels?
What effect does parathyroid hormone (PTH) have on calcium levels?
What is the primary role of neurotransmitters at chemical synapses?
What is the primary role of neurotransmitters at chemical synapses?
Which of the following is a characteristic of lipophilic hormones?
Which of the following is a characteristic of lipophilic hormones?
Which statement best describes the process of glycolysis?
Which statement best describes the process of glycolysis?
During which phase of the action potential does the membrane become more negative than the resting potential?
During which phase of the action potential does the membrane become more negative than the resting potential?
What defines the term 'tropic hormone' in the endocrine system?
What defines the term 'tropic hormone' in the endocrine system?
What mechanism allows rapid communication in the nervous system?
What mechanism allows rapid communication in the nervous system?
What is the primary function of Sertoli cells in spermatogenesis?
What is the primary function of Sertoli cells in spermatogenesis?
Which hormone surged initiates ovulation during the ovarian cycle?
Which hormone surged initiates ovulation during the ovarian cycle?
What happens to the corpus luteum if pregnancy occurs?
What happens to the corpus luteum if pregnancy occurs?
During which phase of the menstrual cycle does the endometrium begin to repair itself?
During which phase of the menstrual cycle does the endometrium begin to repair itself?
What occurs during long-term potentiation?
What occurs during long-term potentiation?
Which type of receptors adapt quickly to sustained stimulus changes?
Which type of receptors adapt quickly to sustained stimulus changes?
What is the effect of estrogen during the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle?
What is the effect of estrogen during the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle?
How does inhibin affect FSH levels?
How does inhibin affect FSH levels?
What type of muscle contraction occurs when the muscle's length remains unchanged?
What type of muscle contraction occurs when the muscle's length remains unchanged?
Which neurotransmitter is primarily involved in the sympathetic nervous system's postganglionic responses?
Which neurotransmitter is primarily involved in the sympathetic nervous system's postganglionic responses?
Which type of glial cell forms myelin sheaths in the CNS?
Which type of glial cell forms myelin sheaths in the CNS?
What distinguishes slow-oxidative muscle fibers from fast-glycolytic fibers?
What distinguishes slow-oxidative muscle fibers from fast-glycolytic fibers?
What is the function of kisspeptin in gonadostat theory?
What is the function of kisspeptin in gonadostat theory?
What is the primary function of the cochlea within the ear?
What is the primary function of the cochlea within the ear?
What type of feedback does testosterone exert on LH secretion?
What type of feedback does testosterone exert on LH secretion?
Which phase of the menstrual cycle is characterized by the presence of the corpus luteum?
Which phase of the menstrual cycle is characterized by the presence of the corpus luteum?
Which of the following is NOT a type of tactile receptor?
Which of the following is NOT a type of tactile receptor?
What effect does the parasympathetic nervous system have on the body?
What effect does the parasympathetic nervous system have on the body?
What is capacitation in the context of fertilization?
What is capacitation in the context of fertilization?
What main component is responsible for muscle contraction?
What main component is responsible for muscle contraction?
Which of the following regions is involved in emotional regulation within the CNS?
Which of the following regions is involved in emotional regulation within the CNS?
Which visual condition results from uneven curvature of the cornea?
Which visual condition results from uneven curvature of the cornea?
What hormone does the placenta produce during pregnancy to maintain the corpus luteum?
What hormone does the placenta produce during pregnancy to maintain the corpus luteum?
Which part of the brain is primarily responsible for processing auditory sensations?
Which part of the brain is primarily responsible for processing auditory sensations?
Which muscle type is primarily characterized as being involuntary and non-striated?
Which muscle type is primarily characterized as being involuntary and non-striated?
What is the role of the vestibular apparatus?
What is the role of the vestibular apparatus?
Which muscle fiber type is characterized by a high level of myoglobin?
Which muscle fiber type is characterized by a high level of myoglobin?
Flashcards
Leydig cells
Leydig cells
Cells in the testes that produce testosterone.
Testosterone
Testosterone
A hormone that stimulates male characteristics and reproductive function.
Puberty
Puberty
The period of sexual maturation.
Spermatogenesis
Spermatogenesis
Signup and view all the flashcards
Sertoli cells
Sertoli cells
Signup and view all the flashcards
LH and FSH
LH and FSH
Signup and view all the flashcards
GnRH
GnRH
Signup and view all the flashcards
Oogenesis
Oogenesis
Signup and view all the flashcards
Ovarian cycle
Ovarian cycle
Signup and view all the flashcards
Follicular phase
Follicular phase
Signup and view all the flashcards
Luteal phase
Luteal phase
Signup and view all the flashcards
Corpus luteum
Corpus luteum
Signup and view all the flashcards
Menstrual cycle
Menstrual cycle
Signup and view all the flashcards
Fertilization
Fertilization
Signup and view all the flashcards
Placenta
Placenta
Signup and view all the flashcards
Physiology
Physiology
Signup and view all the flashcards
Homeostasis
Homeostasis
Signup and view all the flashcards
Cell Theory
Cell Theory
Signup and view all the flashcards
Action Potential
Action Potential
Signup and view all the flashcards
Graded Potential
Graded Potential
Signup and view all the flashcards
Cell Membrane Proteins
Cell Membrane Proteins
Signup and view all the flashcards
Resting Membrane Potential
Resting Membrane Potential
Signup and view all the flashcards
Positive Feedback Loop
Positive Feedback Loop
Signup and view all the flashcards
Plasma Membrane Potential
Plasma Membrane Potential
Signup and view all the flashcards
Nernst Equation
Nernst Equation
Signup and view all the flashcards
Cell Respiration
Cell Respiration
Signup and view all the flashcards
Active Transport
Active Transport
Signup and view all the flashcards
Cell Junctions
Cell Junctions
Signup and view all the flashcards
Hormones
Hormones
Signup and view all the flashcards
Insulin
Insulin
Signup and view all the flashcards
Glucagon
Glucagon
Signup and view all the flashcards
Memory Consolidation
Memory Consolidation
Signup and view all the flashcards
Short-term Memory Storage
Short-term Memory Storage
Signup and view all the flashcards
Long-term Memory Storage
Long-term Memory Storage
Signup and view all the flashcards
Declarative Memory
Declarative Memory
Signup and view all the flashcards
Procedural Memory
Procedural Memory
Signup and view all the flashcards
Working Memory
Working Memory
Signup and view all the flashcards
Habituation
Habituation
Signup and view all the flashcards
Sensitization
Sensitization
Signup and view all the flashcards
Long-Term Potentiation
Long-Term Potentiation
Signup and view all the flashcards
Long-Term Depression
Long-Term Depression
Signup and view all the flashcards
Fast Pain
Fast Pain
Signup and view all the flashcards
Slow Pain
Slow Pain
Signup and view all the flashcards
Adaptation (Sensory)
Adaptation (Sensory)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Tonic Receptors
Tonic Receptors
Signup and view all the flashcards
Phasic Receptors
Phasic Receptors
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is Physiology?
What is Physiology?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What are the levels of body organization?
What are the levels of body organization?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Cell Functions: Obtain food
Cell Functions: Obtain food
Signup and view all the flashcards
Cell Functions: Make energy
Cell Functions: Make energy
Signup and view all the flashcards
Cell Functions: Cleanse environment
Cell Functions: Cleanse environment
Signup and view all the flashcards
Cell Functions: Make cell components
Cell Functions: Make cell components
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is Homeostasis?
What is Homeostasis?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What are the factors regulated by Homeostasis?
What are the factors regulated by Homeostasis?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic control systems
Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic control systems
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is a positive feedback loop?
What is a positive feedback loop?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is Feedforward mechanism?
What is Feedforward mechanism?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is the Cell Theory?
What is the Cell Theory?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Smooth ER functions
Smooth ER functions
Signup and view all the flashcards
What are the types of RNA?
What are the types of RNA?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What are Leydig cells responsible for?
What are Leydig cells responsible for?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is DHT?
What is DHT?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What are the primary changes during puberty?
What are the primary changes during puberty?
Signup and view all the flashcards
How is estrogen produced in males?
How is estrogen produced in males?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is spermatogenesis?
What is spermatogenesis?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is the role of Sertoli cells?
What is the role of Sertoli cells?
Signup and view all the flashcards
How do LH and FSH influence testicular function?
How do LH and FSH influence testicular function?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is GnRH and its role?
What is GnRH and its role?
Signup and view all the flashcards
How does testosterone feedback regulate its production?
How does testosterone feedback regulate its production?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is inhibin and its function?
What is inhibin and its function?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is activin and its role?
What is activin and its role?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What happens to GnRH activity at puberty?
What happens to GnRH activity at puberty?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is oogenesis?
What is oogenesis?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What are the different phases of the ovarian cycle?
What are the different phases of the ovarian cycle?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is the role of the corpus luteum?
What is the role of the corpus luteum?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Memory Stages
Memory Stages
Signup and view all the flashcards
Short-Term Memory
Short-Term Memory
Signup and view all the flashcards
Long-Term Memory
Long-Term Memory
Signup and view all the flashcards
Receptors
Receptors
Signup and view all the flashcards
Adaptation
Adaptation
Signup and view all the flashcards
Acuity
Acuity
Signup and view all the flashcards
Levels of Body Organization
Levels of Body Organization
Signup and view all the flashcards
Factors Regulated by Homeostasis
Factors Regulated by Homeostasis
Signup and view all the flashcards
Feedforward Mechanism
Feedforward Mechanism
Signup and view all the flashcards
Types of RNA
Types of RNA
Signup and view all the flashcards
What happens to testosterone during puberty?
What happens to testosterone during puberty?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is the role of 5α-reductase?
What is the role of 5α-reductase?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is the blood-testis barrier?
What is the blood-testis barrier?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is GnRH's role in male reproduction?
What is GnRH's role in male reproduction?
Signup and view all the flashcards
How does testosterone feedback regulate its own production?
How does testosterone feedback regulate its own production?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is the role of inhibin in male reproductive function?
What is the role of inhibin in male reproductive function?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is the role of activins in male reproductive function?
What is the role of activins in male reproductive function?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is the primary oocyte's role?
What is the primary oocyte's role?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)
Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is the role of the granulosa and thecal cells?
What is the role of the granulosa and thecal cells?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is the key event during ovulation?
What is the key event during ovulation?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Long-Term Depression (LTD)
Long-Term Depression (LTD)
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is the role of the corpus luteum in the female reproductive cycle?
What is the role of the corpus luteum in the female reproductive cycle?
Signup and view all the flashcards
How are hormones involved in regulating the ovarian cycle?
How are hormones involved in regulating the ovarian cycle?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is the connection between the ovarian and menstrual cycles?
What is the connection between the ovarian and menstrual cycles?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is capacitation and its importance in fertilization?
What is capacitation and its importance in fertilization?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What happens after fertilization?
What happens after fertilization?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is the role of Leydig cells?
What is the role of Leydig cells?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Testosterone Function
Testosterone Function
Signup and view all the flashcards
5α reductase
5α reductase
Signup and view all the flashcards
Puberty Changes
Puberty Changes
Signup and view all the flashcards
Aromatase
Aromatase
Signup and view all the flashcards
Sertoli Cell Role
Sertoli Cell Role
Signup and view all the flashcards
Negative Feedback in Testosterone
Negative Feedback in Testosterone
Signup and view all the flashcards
Inhibin Function
Inhibin Function
Signup and view all the flashcards
Activin Function
Activin Function
Signup and view all the flashcards
GnRH at Puberty
GnRH at Puberty
Signup and view all the flashcards
Oogenesis Description
Oogenesis Description
Signup and view all the flashcards
What are the stages of memory consolidation?
What are the stages of memory consolidation?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What are the types of long-term memory?
What are the types of long-term memory?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What are the main components of the cerebellum?
What are the main components of the cerebellum?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What are the different types of brain waves?
What are the different types of brain waves?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What are the types of sleep?
What are the types of sleep?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What are the main functions of the spinal cord?
What are the main functions of the spinal cord?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What are the different types of receptors?
What are the different types of receptors?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Explain adaptation in sensory systems.
Explain adaptation in sensory systems.
Signup and view all the flashcards
What are the types of tactile receptors?
What are the types of tactile receptors?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is the difference between somatic and special senses?
What is the difference between somatic and special senses?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is acuity in sensory perception?
What is acuity in sensory perception?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is the body's analgesic system?
What is the body's analgesic system?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What are the main layers of the eye?
What are the main layers of the eye?
Signup and view all the flashcards
How does the eye focus light?
How does the eye focus light?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is the difference between rods and cones?
What is the difference between rods and cones?
Signup and view all the flashcards
How do photoreceptors respond to light?
How do photoreceptors respond to light?
Signup and view all the flashcards
How do the semicircular canals function in the inner ear?
How do the semicircular canals function in the inner ear?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Muscle Tone
Muscle Tone
Signup and view all the flashcards
Muscle Spindles
Muscle Spindles
Signup and view all the flashcards
Stretch Reflex
Stretch Reflex
Signup and view all the flashcards
Golgi Tendon Organs
Golgi Tendon Organs
Signup and view all the flashcards
Proprioception
Proprioception
Signup and view all the flashcards
DHT
DHT
Signup and view all the flashcards
Secondary Sexual Characteristics
Secondary Sexual Characteristics
Signup and view all the flashcards
Primordial Follicle
Primordial Follicle
Signup and view all the flashcards
Parturition
Parturition
Signup and view all the flashcards
Menopause
Menopause
Signup and view all the flashcards
Study Notes
Physiology Introduction & Homeostasis
- Physiology is the study of living functions
- Body organization includes cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems
- Cells have functions such as obtaining food, making energy, cleansing the environment, and producing components like proteins.
- Cells exchange materials with the environment via processes like reabsorption and internal material movement.
- Homeostasis regulates factors like nutrient, water, and electrolyte concentrations, oxygen and carbon dioxide levels, waste products, pH, volume, and pressure of extracellular fluid (ECF), and temperature.
- Intrinsic and extrinsic control systems maintain homeostasis within organs or through interactions between organ systems.
- Positive feedback loops require an exit point to avoid problems, such as uncontrolled growth.
- Feedforward mechanisms help anticipate changes and prepare for those changes before they occur (e.g., insulin release before food intake).
Cell Physiology
- Cells are the smallest living units, and their activities depend on their structure.
- All cells come from preexisting cells.
- Cells contain different types of RNA, including mRNA for instructions, rRNA for translation, and tRNA for carrying amino acids to mRNA.
- RNA interference regulates the expression of mRNA.
- Proteome describes the complete set of proteins within a cell.
- Lipidome is the complete set of lipids within a cell.
- Membranous organelles are surrounded by membranes, while non-membranous organelles are not.
- Proteasomes, peroxisomes, and other organelles have key functions in cellular processes.
- Cellular respiration, an example of a key cellular process, involves glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation to produce ATP.
Plasma Membrane/Membrane Potential
- Membrane proteins form channels, carriers, and docking markers.
- Cell adhesion molecules, or CAMs, promote cell recognition and interactions.
- Cell junctions, such as desmosomes, tight junctions, and gap junctions, connect cells.
- Membrane potential is the difference in electrical charge across the plasma membrane.
- Membrane potential is affected by ion concentration gradients and membrane permeability.
- The Nernst and GHK equations describe membrane potential calculations.
- Resting membrane potential is approximately -70 mV due to ion concentrations.
- Primary and secondary active transport requires energy to move molecules against their concentration gradient.
Neural/Hormonal Communication
- Hypopolarization, repolarization, and hyperpolarization are changes in membrane potential.
- Gated channels, such as voltage-gated, chemically-gated, mechanically-gated, and thermally-gated channels, are important in signal transmission.
- Electrical signals, like graded potentials and action potentials, transmit signals.
- Neurotransmitters and neuromodulators are chemical messengers.
- Excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs and IPSPs), respectively, influence the postsynaptic neuron's membrane potential.
- Signal transduction describes the transmission of signals across or within cells, impacting cellular function.
Fluid & Acid-Base Balance
- Body water is approximately 60% of total body mass, with intracellular fluid (ICF) making up 40%, and extracellular fluid (ECF) accounting for 20%.
- ECF is further divided into plasma and interstitial fluid.
- Ionic composition of ICF and ECF significantly differ.
- ECF volume and osmolarity are crucial for maintaining blood pressure and cellular function.
Additional Topics
- Endocrine system regulates hormone production.
- Hormones are secreted by endocrine glands, traveling through the blood.
- Hormones bind to receptors in target cells, initiating specific responses depending on their chemical nature (hydrophilic or lipophilic).
- Anterior pituitary gland hormones regulate various other endocrine glands and bodily functions.
- Posterior pituitary gland hormones are directly released from the hypothalamus.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
Explore the fundamental concepts of physiology, including body organization, cellular functions, and the critical processes involved in maintaining homeostasis. Understand how intrinsic and extrinsic controls regulate vital factors within the body, and learn about feedback loops and feedforward mechanisms. This quiz will enhance your knowledge of how living systems function effectively.
