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Questions and Answers
A patient has an end-diastolic volume (EDV) of 120 ml and an end-systolic volume (ESV) of 50 ml. What is the patient's stroke volume?
A patient has an end-diastolic volume (EDV) of 120 ml and an end-systolic volume (ESV) of 50 ml. What is the patient's stroke volume?
- 120 ml
- 70 ml (correct)
- 50 ml
- 170 ml
If a person has a heart rate of 75 beats per minute and a stroke volume of 80 ml, what is their cardiac output?
If a person has a heart rate of 75 beats per minute and a stroke volume of 80 ml, what is their cardiac output?
- 6000 L/min
- 6.0 L/min (correct)
- 0.94 L/min
- 93.75 L/min
During exercise, if a person's minute ventilation increases from 6 L/min to 18 L/min and their respiratory rate increases from 12 breaths/min to 30 breaths/min, what is the change in their tidal volume?
During exercise, if a person's minute ventilation increases from 6 L/min to 18 L/min and their respiratory rate increases from 12 breaths/min to 30 breaths/min, what is the change in their tidal volume?
- Increases by 0.1 L
- Decreases by 0.1 L
- Increases by 0.4 L (correct)
- No change
Which of the following would cause an increase in resistance to blood flow, assuming all other factors remain constant?
Which of the following would cause an increase in resistance to blood flow, assuming all other factors remain constant?
A patient has a systolic blood pressure of 130 mmHg and a diastolic blood pressure of 80 mmHg. Calculate the Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP).
A patient has a systolic blood pressure of 130 mmHg and a diastolic blood pressure of 80 mmHg. Calculate the Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP).
If a 60-year-old man has a heart rate of 130 bpm during exercise, what percentage of his predicted maximum heart rate is he achieving?
If a 60-year-old man has a heart rate of 130 bpm during exercise, what percentage of his predicted maximum heart rate is he achieving?
What happens to Total Peripheral Resistance (TPR) during exercise, assuming cardiac output increases significantly while Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) sees a smaller increase?
What happens to Total Peripheral Resistance (TPR) during exercise, assuming cardiac output increases significantly while Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) sees a smaller increase?
If arterial O2 content (CaO2) is 20 ml O2/dL of blood, and venous O2 content (CvO2) is 15 ml O2/dL of blood, what is the arterial-venous O2 difference?
If arterial O2 content (CaO2) is 20 ml O2/dL of blood, and venous O2 content (CvO2) is 15 ml O2/dL of blood, what is the arterial-venous O2 difference?
According to the Fick equation, if VO2 increases and the (a-v)O2 difference remains constant, what must happen to cardiac output (Q)?
According to the Fick equation, if VO2 increases and the (a-v)O2 difference remains constant, what must happen to cardiac output (Q)?
How would you calculate the rate-pressure product (RPP)?
How would you calculate the rate-pressure product (RPP)?
What is the formula for calculating minute ventilation?
What is the formula for calculating minute ventilation?
How is alveolar ventilation calculated?
How is alveolar ventilation calculated?
What is the formula to estimate maximum heart rate?
What is the formula to estimate maximum heart rate?
Which formula correctly calculates stroke volume?
Which formula correctly calculates stroke volume?
What determines the arterial-venous oxygen difference?
What determines the arterial-venous oxygen difference?
According to the simplified Fick equation, what is the relationship between VO2, cardiac output (Q), and the a-v O2 difference?
According to the simplified Fick equation, what is the relationship between VO2, cardiac output (Q), and the a-v O2 difference?
What is the formula for the Respiratory Exchange Ratio (RER)?
What is the formula for the Respiratory Exchange Ratio (RER)?
What factors determine blood oxygen content (CaO2 or CvO2)?
What factors determine blood oxygen content (CaO2 or CvO2)?
How is blood flow related to pressure change and resistance?
How is blood flow related to pressure change and resistance?
What is the formula for calculating Rate Pressure Product?
What is the formula for calculating Rate Pressure Product?
If a patient's blood viscosity increases due to dehydration, and assuming all other factors remain constant, what is the expected change in resistance to blood flow?
If a patient's blood viscosity increases due to dehydration, and assuming all other factors remain constant, what is the expected change in resistance to blood flow?
During high-intensity exercise, if an individual's cardiac output increases by a factor of 5 while their mean arterial pressure (MAP) increases by a factor of 1.5, what is the approximate change in their total peripheral resistance (TPR)?
During high-intensity exercise, if an individual's cardiac output increases by a factor of 5 while their mean arterial pressure (MAP) increases by a factor of 1.5, what is the approximate change in their total peripheral resistance (TPR)?
A subject has a minute ventilation of 12 L/min with a respiratory rate of 15 breaths/min. If their anatomical dead space is estimated to be 150 ml, what is their alveolar ventilation?
A subject has a minute ventilation of 12 L/min with a respiratory rate of 15 breaths/min. If their anatomical dead space is estimated to be 150 ml, what is their alveolar ventilation?
An endurance athlete with a maximum heart rate of 190 bpm, a maximum stroke volume of 110 ml, and an arterial-venous oxygen difference of 16 ml O2/dL, what is the athlete's VO2max?
An endurance athlete with a maximum heart rate of 190 bpm, a maximum stroke volume of 110 ml, and an arterial-venous oxygen difference of 16 ml O2/dL, what is the athlete's VO2max?
Suppose the number of carbons in a fatty acid is 18. How many turns will occur during beta oxidation for this fatty acid?
Suppose the number of carbons in a fatty acid is 18. How many turns will occur during beta oxidation for this fatty acid?
Flashcards
Minute Ventilation (VE)
Minute Ventilation (VE)
Volume of air breathed in one minute.
Alveolar Ventilation (VA)
Alveolar Ventilation (VA)
Volume of fresh air reaching the alveoli per minute. VA = (Tidal Volume - Dead Space) x Respiratory Rate
HRmax
HRmax
Maximum heart rate.
Cardiac Output (Q)
Cardiac Output (Q)
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Stroke Volume (SV)
Stroke Volume (SV)
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a-v O2 difference
a-v O2 difference
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Fick Equation
Fick Equation
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VO2max
VO2max
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Respiratory Exchange Ratio (RER)
Respiratory Exchange Ratio (RER)
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Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)
Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)
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Rate-Pressure Product
Rate-Pressure Product
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Flow
Flow
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Partial Pressure of O2 (PO2)
Partial Pressure of O2 (PO2)
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Total Peripheral Resistance (TPR)
Total Peripheral Resistance (TPR)
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Blood O2 content
Blood O2 content
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Resistance Equation
Resistance Equation
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Beta Oxidation Turns
Beta Oxidation Turns
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Pressure
Pressure
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Study Notes
- Minute Ventilation (V̇i or V̇E) is the product of Tidal Volume (VT) and Respiratory Rate (RR).
- Alveolar Ventilation (V̇A) is calculated by Alveolar Ventilation (VA) multiplied by frequency, which equals Tidal Volume (VT) minus Dead Space (VD) multiplied by Respiratory Rate (RR).
- Maximum Heart Rate (HRmax) is estimated by subtracting age from 220.
- Cardiac Output (Q) is the product of Heart Rate (HR) and Stroke Volume (SV).
- Stroke Volume (SV) is calculated by End Diastolic Volume (EDV) minus End Systolic Volume (ESV).
- Arterial-Venous Oxygen Difference (a-v O2 difference) is the difference between Arterial Oxygen Content (CaO2) and Venous Oxygen Content (CvO2).
- Fick Equation determines VO2 by multiplying Cardiac Output (Q) by the Arterial-Venous Oxygen Difference (a-v O2 diff).
- VO2max is calculated by multiplying Maximum Heart Rate (HRmax) by Maximum Stroke Volume (SVmax) and the Arterial-Venous Oxygen Difference (a-v O2 diff).
- Respiratory Exchange Ratio (RER) is the ratio of Carbon Dioxide production (VCO2) to Oxygen consumption (VO2).
- The number of turns in Beta Oxidation equals the number of carbons divided by 2, then subtract 1.
- Partial Pressure of Oxygen (PO2) is determined by multiplying the fraction of Oxygen concentration by the total pressure.
- Blood Oxygen content (CaO2 or CvO2) is calculated by multiplying Hemoglobin (Hgb) by 1.34 and the percentage of saturation (% sat).
- Flow is equivalent to the change in pressure divided by resistance.
- Resistance is determined by the viscosity multiplied by the length, divided by the radius to the power of 4.
- Pressure is the product of Flow and Resistance.
- Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) is calculated by adding Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP) to one-third of the difference between Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP) and Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP).
- Total Peripheral Resistance (TPR) is calculated by dividing Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) by Cardiac Output (Q).
- Rate-Pressure Product is the product of Heart Rate (HR) and Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP).
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