Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary product of aerobic respiration?
What is the primary product of aerobic respiration?
- Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) (correct)
- Carbonic Acid
- Lactic Acid
- Hydrogen ions (H+)
Which condition results from a buildup of carbon dioxide in the blood?
Which condition results from a buildup of carbon dioxide in the blood?
- Hypoxemia
- Respiratory Alkalosis
- Respiratory Acidosis (correct)
- Metabolic Acidosis
What role does bicarbonate (HCO3) play in the body?
What role does bicarbonate (HCO3) play in the body?
- Prevents oxygen uptake
- Increases acidity in the blood
- Buffers hydrogen ions (H+) (correct)
- Causes metabolic alkalosis
What is a common symptom of respiratory alkalosis?
What is a common symptom of respiratory alkalosis?
What indicates severe hypoxaemia in a patient?
What indicates severe hypoxaemia in a patient?
What is the consequence of hyperventilation?
What is the consequence of hyperventilation?
What can lead to a decrease in bicarbonate and an increase in lactic acid?
What can lead to a decrease in bicarbonate and an increase in lactic acid?
What is the normal partial pressure of oxygen (Pa02) in room air?
What is the normal partial pressure of oxygen (Pa02) in room air?
Flashcards
Respiratory Acidosis
Respiratory Acidosis
A condition characterized by an increase in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) in the blood, leading to a decrease in pH (acidity).
Respiratory Compensation
Respiratory Compensation
The body's attempt to compensate for respiratory acidosis by increasing ventilation (breathing rate and depth) to expel more CO2 and raise the pH.
Metabolic Compensation
Metabolic Compensation
The body's slower mechanism for compensating for acid-base imbalances by adjusting the bicarbonate (HCO3-) levels in the blood.
Metabolic Acidosis
Metabolic Acidosis
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Hypoxemia
Hypoxemia
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Respiratory Alkalosis
Respiratory Alkalosis
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Base Excess
Base Excess
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PaCO2
PaCO2
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Study Notes
Arterial Blood Gas (ABG) Sites
- Radial artery puncture site is a common site for drawing blood
- Deep palmar arch is a critical anatomical structure in the hand
- Ulnar artery puncture site is another common area
- Brachial artery is also a potential puncture site
- Femoral artery is a blood vessel in the leg, providing an anterior view for observation
Acid-Base Balance
- Aerobic respiration: Oxygen + Glucose → ATP + CO2 + H2O
- Anaerobic respiration: Glucose → ATP + Lactic Acid
- pH balance: affected by hydrogen (H+) ions; high H+ indicates acidity, low H+ indicates alkalinity
- PaO2: Partial pressure of oxygen; normal value around 11kPa (room air); hypoxaemia is PaO2 < 10kPa, severe hypoxaemia is PaO2 < 8kPa
- PaCO2: Main component of respiratory function
- Respiratory acidosis: occurs when CO2 buildup leads to decreased pH; causes include shallow breathing or conditions that prevent CO2 exhalation
- Respiratory compensation: body's attempt to adjust breathing to regulate CO2 levels
Metabolic Compensation
- Metabolic compensation: kidneys' role in adjusting bicarbonate (HCO3) levels to regulate pH over days, if necessary. This differs from respiratory compensation which is quicker
- Metabolic acidosis: decreased pH due to issues with acid production, bicarbonate loss or decreased kidney function; examples include diarrhea, vomiting, diabetic ketoacidosis, and chronic renal failure
- Metabolic alkalosis: increased pH due to excessive bicarbonate intake or loss of acid; exampled include excessive vomiting, hypokalaemia and sodium bicarbonate overdose
Normal Ranges for ABG
- PaO2: 11-13kPa or 80-100mmHg (room air)
- pH: 7.35-7.45
- PaCO2: 4.7-6.0kPa or 35-45 mmHg
- HCO3-: 22-26 mmol/L
- Base excess: < -2 or >+2 mmol/L
Treatment
- Treatment for Respiratory Acidosis: includes bronchodilators and mechanical ventilation
- Treatment for Metabolic Acidosis: involves sodium bicarbonate, correcting the underlying condition and Kayexalate
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