Physiology Chapter 5 Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary contraceptive effect of the combination pill?

  • Disruption of ovulation (correct)
  • Increase of GnRH levels
  • Enhancement of endometrial implantation
  • Thickening of cervical mucus

    • How does the combination pill affect hormone release from the hypothalamus and pituitary gland?

  • It stimulates the release of GnRH and LH
  • It alters estrogen production only
  • It suppresses the release of GnRH and FSH (correct)
  • It increases LH and FSH levels

    • Which physiological change aids in preventing sperm from reaching an egg due to the use of the combination pill?

  • Increased motility of sperm
  • Thickened cervical mucus (correct)
  • Enhanced sperm production
  • Thinner cervical mucus

    • What is the role of the proximal tubule in renal physiology?

    <p>Key location for reabsorption and secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement regarding the Loop of Henle is correct?

    <p>Concentration of urine occurs via a countercurrent mechanism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of filtration in the kidneys?

    <p>Transferring solutes from blood to Bowman’s space</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process involves the movement of substances from the capillaries into the tubular lumen?

    <p>Secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone primarily provides negative feedback to the hypothalamus regarding ovarian activity?

    <p>Estrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does vasopressin (ADH) play in fluid balance?

    <p>Increases water reabsorption in kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary response of the baroreceptors during dehydration?

    <p>Signal the hypothalamus to release ADH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone mobilizes energy during the 'fight-or-flight' response?

    <p>Epinephrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does overhydration affect ADH secretion?

    <p>ADH secretion is inhibited</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of FSH in the menstrual cycle?

    <p>Promotes maturation of ovarian follicles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the sympathetic pathway, what is the primary action triggered by stress?

    <p>Inhibition of GI blood flow and secretions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does an LH surge have during the menstrual cycle?

    <p>Triggers ovulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does high progesterone affect the menstrual cycle during the luteal phase?

    <p>Suppresses GnRH secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of inhibin during the menstrual cycle?

    <p>Inhibits FSH production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle, what happens to estrogen levels?

    <p>They begin to rise as follicles grow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what phase does the corpus luteum produce high levels of progesterone?

    <p>Luteal phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does glucagon play in blood glucose regulation?

    <p>Increases glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does cortisol contribute to energy regulation during stress?

    <p>Supports long-term energy needs through gluconeogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of the fed (absorptive) state?

    <p>Storage and utilization of ingested nutrients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormones predominantly control the fasted (post-absorptive) state?

    <p>Glucagon, cortisol, and epinephrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process occurs during the fed state?

    <p>Glycogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main storage form of carbohydrates in the body?

    <p>Glycogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are zymogens primarily responsible for in the digestive system?

    <p>Preventing autodigestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following processes primarily occurs during the fasted state?

    <p>Ketogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of catabolism?

    <p>Breaking molecules down into simpler ones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are amino acids primarily stored in the body?

    <p>Skeletal muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of juxtamedullary nephrons?

    <p>Urine concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to body fluid osmolarity during net water loss?

    <p>It increases, leading to hyperosmotic state</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which segment of the nephron utilizes the Na+-K+-2Cl^- symporter for sodium entry?

    <p>Thick Ascending Loop of Henle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does net NaCl gain have on body fluid volume?

    <p>Increases body fluid volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does aldosterone affect sodium reabsorption?

    <p>Regulates entry of Na+ through epithelial sodium channels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs to urine volume during net water gain?

    <p>Increases due to excess water excretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initial effect does net NaCl loss have on urine osmolarity?

    <p>Decreases due to reduced solute availability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the primary active transport of Na+ occur in the nephron?

    <p>Basolateral membrane of tubular cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the process of ovulation?

    <p>A surge in luteinizing hormone (LH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of granulosa cells during folliculogenesis?

    <p>Support oocytes and produce estrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is primarily responsible for maintaining the uterine lining during the luteal phase?

    <p>Progesterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of the ovarian cycle does the estrogen level peak?

    <p>Ovulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs to the corpus luteum if fertilization does not take place?

    <p>It degenerates and hormone levels drop</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell type produces androgens that serve as precursors to estrogen?

    <p>Theca Cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily initiates the menstrual phase of the uterine cycle?

    <p>Decrease in progesterone levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct pathway for the oocyte after ovulation?

    <p>Ovary → Fimbriae → Fallopian Tube → Uterus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Kidney Functions and Nephron Structure

    • Kidneys remove metabolic waste, toxins, and drugs from the blood.
    • They regulate fluid balance, electrolytes, and blood pressure.
    • Acid-base balance is regulated by excreting H+ and reabsorbing bicarbonate (HCO3⁻).
    • Erythropoietin (EPO) is released to stimulate red blood cell production.
    • Kidneys activate vitamin D and regulate calcium-phosphate metabolism.

    Filtration Barrier Layers

    • The filtration barrier between the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule consists of:
      • Fenestrated endothelium: Allows water and small solutes but blocks cells like red blood cells
      • Basement membrane: Prevents passage of large proteins via charge and size selectivity.
      • Podocyte filtration slits: Podocytes with slit diaphragms provide another size-selective barrier.

    Nephron Segments in Order

    • Glomerular capsule (Bowman's capsule): Collects filtrate from the glomerulus.
    • Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT): Reabsorbs the majority of water, glucose, and electrolytes.
    • Nephron loop (Loop of Henle):
      • Descending limb: Permeable to water; concentrates filtrate.
      • Ascending limb: Impermeable to water; reabsorbs Na+ and Cl⁻.
    • Distal convoluted tubule (DCT): Regulates Na+, K+, and pH under hormonal control (e.g., aldosterone).

    Collecting Duct

    • Adjusts water reabsorption based on ADH levels; forms concentrated or dilute urine.
    • Collecting ducts merge and drain into the renal pelvis.

    Cortical vs. Juxtamedullary Nephrons

    • Cortical nephrons are mostly in the renal cortex, with short loops of Henle, for general filtration and reabsorption.
    • Juxtamedullary nephrons extend deep into the renal medulla, with long loops of Henle, vital for urine concentration.

    Vascular Elements of the Nephron

    • Afferent arterioles deliver blood to the glomerulus.
    • Glomerulus: Network of capillaries filtering plasma into Bowman's capsule.
    • Efferent arterioles carry blood away from the glomerulus.
    • Peritubular capillaries surround cortical nephron tubules; site of exchange for reabsorption and secretion.
    • Vasa recta surround juxtamedullary nephron loops; maintain the medullary osmotic gradient.

    Determining Urine Volume and Composition

    • Filtration determines the starting composition of filtrate.
    • Reabsorption adjusts water, ions, and nutrients returned to blood.
    • Secretion removes excess ions and waste from blood into the filtrate.

    Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)

    • The volume of filtrate produced by the kidneys per minute (~125 mL/min).
    • Starling Forces: affect GFR. GHP favors filtration, CHP opposes filtration, GOP opposes filtration. NFP = GHP - (CHP + GOP)

    Water Molecule Pathway

    • Afferent arteriole → Glomerulus → Bowman's capsule → PCT → Loop of Henle → DCT → Collecting duct → Renal pelvis → Ureter → Bladder → Urethra → Excreted.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on key concepts in physiology including the effects of the combination pill on hormone release and kidney functions. This quiz also explores the roles of various hormones in fluid balance and stress responses. Ideal for students studying advanced physiology topics.

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