Physiology Chapter 5 Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary contraceptive effect of the combination pill?

  • Disruption of ovulation (correct)
  • Increase of GnRH levels
  • Enhancement of endometrial implantation
  • Thickening of cervical mucus

How does the combination pill affect hormone release from the hypothalamus and pituitary gland?

  • It stimulates the release of GnRH and LH
  • It alters estrogen production only
  • It suppresses the release of GnRH and FSH (correct)
  • It increases LH and FSH levels

Which physiological change aids in preventing sperm from reaching an egg due to the use of the combination pill?

  • Increased motility of sperm
  • Thickened cervical mucus (correct)
  • Enhanced sperm production
  • Thinner cervical mucus

What is the role of the proximal tubule in renal physiology?

<p>Key location for reabsorption and secretion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement regarding the Loop of Henle is correct?

<p>Concentration of urine occurs via a countercurrent mechanism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of filtration in the kidneys?

<p>Transferring solutes from blood to Bowman’s space (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process involves the movement of substances from the capillaries into the tubular lumen?

<p>Secretion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone primarily provides negative feedback to the hypothalamus regarding ovarian activity?

<p>Estrogen (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does vasopressin (ADH) play in fluid balance?

<p>Increases water reabsorption in kidneys (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary response of the baroreceptors during dehydration?

<p>Signal the hypothalamus to release ADH (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone mobilizes energy during the 'fight-or-flight' response?

<p>Epinephrine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does overhydration affect ADH secretion?

<p>ADH secretion is inhibited (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of FSH in the menstrual cycle?

<p>Promotes maturation of ovarian follicles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the sympathetic pathway, what is the primary action triggered by stress?

<p>Inhibition of GI blood flow and secretions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does an LH surge have during the menstrual cycle?

<p>Triggers ovulation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does high progesterone affect the menstrual cycle during the luteal phase?

<p>Suppresses GnRH secretion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of inhibin during the menstrual cycle?

<p>Inhibits FSH production (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle, what happens to estrogen levels?

<p>They begin to rise as follicles grow (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what phase does the corpus luteum produce high levels of progesterone?

<p>Luteal phase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does glucagon play in blood glucose regulation?

<p>Increases glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does cortisol contribute to energy regulation during stress?

<p>Supports long-term energy needs through gluconeogenesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of the fed (absorptive) state?

<p>Storage and utilization of ingested nutrients (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormones predominantly control the fasted (post-absorptive) state?

<p>Glucagon, cortisol, and epinephrine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process occurs during the fed state?

<p>Glycogenesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main storage form of carbohydrates in the body?

<p>Glycogen (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are zymogens primarily responsible for in the digestive system?

<p>Preventing autodigestion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following processes primarily occurs during the fasted state?

<p>Ketogenesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of catabolism?

<p>Breaking molecules down into simpler ones (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are amino acids primarily stored in the body?

<p>Skeletal muscle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of juxtamedullary nephrons?

<p>Urine concentration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to body fluid osmolarity during net water loss?

<p>It increases, leading to hyperosmotic state (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which segment of the nephron utilizes the Na+-K+-2Cl^- symporter for sodium entry?

<p>Thick Ascending Loop of Henle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does net NaCl gain have on body fluid volume?

<p>Increases body fluid volume (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does aldosterone affect sodium reabsorption?

<p>Regulates entry of Na+ through epithelial sodium channels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs to urine volume during net water gain?

<p>Increases due to excess water excretion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What initial effect does net NaCl loss have on urine osmolarity?

<p>Decreases due to reduced solute availability (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does the primary active transport of Na+ occur in the nephron?

<p>Basolateral membrane of tubular cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the process of ovulation?

<p>A surge in luteinizing hormone (LH) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of granulosa cells during folliculogenesis?

<p>Support oocytes and produce estrogen (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is primarily responsible for maintaining the uterine lining during the luteal phase?

<p>Progesterone (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of the ovarian cycle does the estrogen level peak?

<p>Ovulation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs to the corpus luteum if fertilization does not take place?

<p>It degenerates and hormone levels drop (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cell type produces androgens that serve as precursors to estrogen?

<p>Theca Cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily initiates the menstrual phase of the uterine cycle?

<p>Decrease in progesterone levels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct pathway for the oocyte after ovulation?

<p>Ovary → Fimbriae → Fallopian Tube → Uterus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is filtration in the kidneys?

The movement of water and small molecules from the blood in the glomerulus into Bowman's space, driven by glomerular filtration pressure.

What is reabsorption in the kidneys?

The transfer of substances from the tubular lumen back into the capillaries, reclaiming essential molecules like glucose, amino acids, and sodium.

What is secretion in the kidneys?

The movement of substances from the capillaries into the tubular lumen for excretion, including waste products like hydrogen ions (H+) and potassium (K+).

What is the role of the proximal tubule in the nephron?

The primary site for reabsorption of glucose, amino acids, sodium, and water, and secretion of H+, organic acids, and bases.

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What is the role of the Loop of Henle in the nephron?

The part of the nephron that concentrates urine using a countercurrent mechanism.

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What happens in the descending limb of the Loop of Henle?

The descending limb of the Loop of Henle is permeable to water, allowing for reabsorption.

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What happens in the ascending limb of the Loop of Henle?

The ascending limb of the Loop of Henle actively reabsorbs sodium and chloride ions, while being impermeable to water.

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How does the combination pill prevent pregnancy?

The combination pill contains synthetic estrogen and progesterone that mimic natural hormones, creating a negative feedback loop that suppresses GnRH, LH, and FSH release, preventing ovulation.

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Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

A hormone released from the posterior pituitary gland that helps regulate blood pressure and fluid balance by increasing water reabsorption in the kidneys and constricting blood vessels.

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Overhydration

The process of having too much fluid in the body, leading to a decrease in ADH release and increased urination to restore balance.

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Baroreceptors

Specialized sensory receptors located in blood vessels that detect changes in blood pressure.

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Fight-or-Flight Response

The nervous system response triggered by stress or danger, characterized by increased heart rate, blood sugar, and energy mobilization.

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Baroreceptor Feedback Loop

The process by which the body regulates blood pressure and fluid balance by adjusting ADH release in response to changes in blood pressure detected by baroreceptors.

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What does FSH stand for and what is its function?

A hormone responsible for the growth and maturation of ovarian follicles. It also stimulates granulosa cells to produce estrogen.

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What does LH stand for and what is its function?

A surge of this hormone triggers ovulation, the release of the egg. It also stimulates the formation of the corpus luteum and the production of progesterone.

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How does estrogen affect GnRH, FSH, and LH?

Moderate levels of estrogen inhibit the release of GnRH, FSH, and LH, preventing the premature growth of follicles.

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How does progesterone affect GnRH?

High progesterone levels during the luteal phase suppress GnRH, maintaining a stable environment for implantation.

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What is inhibin and what is its function?

A hormone produced by granulosa cells in the follicular phase and the corpus luteum in the luteal phase. It specifically inhibits FSH to prevent the recruitment of additional follicles during the current cycle.

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What happens during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle?

The phase of the menstrual cycle where FSH rises, stimulating follicle growth. Rising estrogen levels trigger the thickening of the endometrial lining.

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What happens during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle?

The phase of the menstrual cycle where the corpus luteum produces high levels of progesterone and moderate levels of estrogen. Progesterone prepares the endometrium for implantation, while estrogen inhibits further follicular development.

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What is insulin and what is its function?

A hormone produced by the pancreas that promotes glucose uptake by cells, glycogenesis, and fat storage. It is primarily active in the fed state.

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Zymogens

Inactive forms of enzymes that are activated when needed, preventing damage to cells or tissues.

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Catabolism

The process of breaking down complex molecules into simpler ones, releasing energy.

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Fed (Absorptive) State

The state after eating, where the body prioritizes storing nutrients.

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Fasted (Post-Absorptive) State

The state hours after eating, where the body breaks down stored energy for fuel.

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Anabolism

The process of building complex molecules from simpler ones, requiring energy.

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Liver

The primary site for storing carbohydrates in the body.

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Adipose Tissue

The primary site for storing fats (triglycerides) in the body.

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Skeletal Muscle

The primary site for storing proteins in the body, primarily in the form of functional proteins involved in muscle contraction.

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Juxtamedullary Nephron: Loop of Henle Length

The longer loop of Henle in juxtamedullary nephrons plays a crucial role in concentrating urine for water conservation.

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Juxtamedullary Nephron: Primary Role

Cortical nephrons primarily focus on general filtration of blood, while juxtamedullary nephrons are specialized for urine concentration.

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Net Water Loss: Effects on Body Fluid

Net water loss leads to a decrease in body fluid volume, an increase in body fluid osmolarity, and a decrease in urine volume due to increased water reabsorption.

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Net Water Gain: Effects on Body Fluid

Net water gain leads to an increase in body fluid volume, a decrease in body fluid osmolarity, and an increase in urine volume to excrete excess water.

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Net NaCl Loss: Effects on Body Fluid

Net NaCl loss leads to a decrease in body fluid volume as water follows sodium, a decrease in body fluid osmolarity due to greater sodium loss than water, and initially increased, then decreased urine production due to aldosterone promoting sodium reabsorption.

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Net NaCl Gain: Effects on Body Fluid

Net NaCl gain leads to an increase in body fluid volume as water follows sodium, an increase in body fluid osmolarity due to excess sodium, and increased urine production to excrete the excess sodium.

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Primary Active Transport of Na+

The Na+/K+ ATPase pump actively transports sodium out of tubular cells into the interstitial fluid, creating a concentration gradient that favors sodium entry from the tubular lumen.

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"Downhill" Entry of Na+

Sodium entry in different tubule segments is coupled with different co-transporters, such as glucose, amino acids, and chloride.

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Folliculogenesis Stages

Follicular development process starting with a primordial follicle and progressing through primary, secondary, and tertiary (Graafian) follicles. The process involves oocyte growth, granulosa cell proliferation, theca layer formation, and the accumulation of follicular fluid.

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Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

A hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland specifically boosting follicle growth and estrogen production. Critical for stimulating follicle maturation during the ovarian cycle.

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Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

A hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland that triggers the release of a mature egg (ovulation) and promotes the development of the corpus luteum after ovulation.

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Granulosa Cells

Cells surrounding the oocyte in a follicle that provide support, produce estrogen, and respond to FSH.

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Theca Cells

Cells surrounding the granulosa cells in a follicle that are responsible for producing androgens (male hormones), precursors to estrogen.

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Ovulation

The release of a secondary oocyte from the mature follicle, triggered by the LH surge during the ovarian cycle.

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Menstrual Phase

The phase in the uterine cycle characterized by shedding of the endometrial lining, triggered by the drop in progesterone and estrogen.

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Proliferative Phase

The phase in the uterine cycle where the endometrium thickens under the influence of estrogen, preparing for potential implantation of a fertilized egg.

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Study Notes

Kidney Functions and Nephron Structure

  • Kidneys remove metabolic waste, toxins, and drugs from the blood.
  • They regulate fluid balance, electrolytes, and blood pressure.
  • Acid-base balance is regulated by excreting H+ and reabsorbing bicarbonate (HCO3⁻).
  • Erythropoietin (EPO) is released to stimulate red blood cell production.
  • Kidneys activate vitamin D and regulate calcium-phosphate metabolism.

Filtration Barrier Layers

  • The filtration barrier between the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule consists of:
    • Fenestrated endothelium: Allows water and small solutes but blocks cells like red blood cells
    • Basement membrane: Prevents passage of large proteins via charge and size selectivity.
    • Podocyte filtration slits: Podocytes with slit diaphragms provide another size-selective barrier.

Nephron Segments in Order

  • Glomerular capsule (Bowman's capsule): Collects filtrate from the glomerulus.
  • Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT): Reabsorbs the majority of water, glucose, and electrolytes.
  • Nephron loop (Loop of Henle):
    • Descending limb: Permeable to water; concentrates filtrate.
    • Ascending limb: Impermeable to water; reabsorbs Na+ and Cl⁻.
  • Distal convoluted tubule (DCT): Regulates Na+, K+, and pH under hormonal control (e.g., aldosterone).

Collecting Duct

  • Adjusts water reabsorption based on ADH levels; forms concentrated or dilute urine.
  • Collecting ducts merge and drain into the renal pelvis.

Cortical vs. Juxtamedullary Nephrons

  • Cortical nephrons are mostly in the renal cortex, with short loops of Henle, for general filtration and reabsorption.
  • Juxtamedullary nephrons extend deep into the renal medulla, with long loops of Henle, vital for urine concentration.

Vascular Elements of the Nephron

  • Afferent arterioles deliver blood to the glomerulus.
  • Glomerulus: Network of capillaries filtering plasma into Bowman's capsule.
  • Efferent arterioles carry blood away from the glomerulus.
  • Peritubular capillaries surround cortical nephron tubules; site of exchange for reabsorption and secretion.
  • Vasa recta surround juxtamedullary nephron loops; maintain the medullary osmotic gradient.

Determining Urine Volume and Composition

  • Filtration determines the starting composition of filtrate.
  • Reabsorption adjusts water, ions, and nutrients returned to blood.
  • Secretion removes excess ions and waste from blood into the filtrate.

Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)

  • The volume of filtrate produced by the kidneys per minute (~125 mL/min).
  • Starling Forces: affect GFR. GHP favors filtration, CHP opposes filtration, GOP opposes filtration. NFP = GHP - (CHP + GOP)

Water Molecule Pathway

  • Afferent arteriole → Glomerulus → Bowman's capsule → PCT → Loop of Henle → DCT → Collecting duct → Renal pelvis → Ureter → Bladder → Urethra → Excreted.

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Description

Test your knowledge on key concepts in physiology including the effects of the combination pill on hormone release and kidney functions. This quiz also explores the roles of various hormones in fluid balance and stress responses. Ideal for students studying advanced physiology topics.

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