Physiology Chapter 4.2
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Questions and Answers

What is the comparison used to describe the human body?

  • A clock
  • A complex machine, such as a car (correct)
  • A simple machine, like a bike
  • A living organism, like a plant

    • What is the primary function of the respiratory system affected by COVID-19?

  • Regulation of body temperature
  • Digestion of food
  • Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide (correct)
  • Circulation of blood

    • What is the scientific study of how cells and body structures function?

  • Anatomy
  • Physiology (correct)
  • Medicine
  • Biology

    • What is a common symptom of COVID-19?

    <p>Dry cough</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the organization of the body into systems?

    <p>Body structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal body temperature in Fahrenheit?

    <p>100.4°F</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a benefit of the human body's ability to repair and maintain itself?

    <p>It can operate optimally for long periods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is another term for the shortness of breath experienced by people with COVID-19?

    <p>Dyspnea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the smallest living functional unit in an organism?

    <p>Cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cell is necessary for movement?

    <p>Muscle cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the mitochondria in a cell?

    <p>Energy generation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the lining of every body surface, including skin and the inside of blood vessels?

    <p>Epithelial tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the organs, structures, and blood of butchered animals used as food?

    <p>Offal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a group of organs that work together for a similar purpose?

    <p>Organ system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the nucleus in a cell?

    <p>Control of cellular activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the jelly-like fluid that surrounds the organelles in a cell?

    <p>Cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the ribosomes in a cell?

    <p>Protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the membrane that defines the boundaries of a cell and controls the passage of materials?

    <p>Plasma membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the urinary system?

    <p>Filtering blood and excreting wastes in urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the cardiovascular system?

    <p>Circulation of blood throughout the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the skin in the integumentary system?

    <p>Protection and immunity, regulation of body temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which system is responsible for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide?

    <p>Respiratory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the internal chemical and physical environment that supports life and good health?

    <p>Homeostasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the organized structure of the human body?

    <p>Cells, tissues, organs, systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the skeletal system?

    <p>Support, movement, protection, and production of blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which system is responsible for the production of blood cells?

    <p>Skeletal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the lymphatic system?

    <p>Defense and immunity against infectious agents, fluid balance, white blood cell production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the capillary walls?

    <p>To enable the exchange of nutrients and oxygen with cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the human body's ability to maintain its internal environment?

    <p>Homeostasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of hemoglobin in red blood cells?

    <p>To carry most of the oxygen in the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the lymphatic/immune system?

    <p>To defend the body against diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the kidneys in the urinary system?

    <p>To filter unneeded substances from the blood and maintain proper fluid balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of muscles in the muscular system?

    <p>To enable movement to occur and provide stability for the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the skeletal system?

    <p>To provide support, movement, and protection for the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the brain in the nervous system?

    <p>To produce a variety of intellectual functions and emotional responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the endocrine system?

    <p>To produce hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the pulmonary arteries in the cardiovascular system?

    <p>To pump oxygen-poor blood from the heart to the lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the lymphatic vessels in the lymphatic/immune system?

    <p>To transport lymph, which contains bacteria and other harmful microbes, to the lymph nodes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the hormone released from the pituitary gland in the thyroid gland?

    <p>It stimulates the thyroid gland to release a hormone that increases the body's metabolic rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the reproductive system?

    <p>To produce children</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the digestive system?

    <p>To break down large food molecules into smaller components and absorb nutrients into the bloodstream or lymphatic system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the importance of nutrients for the skin?

    <p>For its maintenance and constant replacement of skin cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of a poorly nourished pregnant woman?

    <p>A higher risk of miscarriage and stillbirth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the skin in maintaining body temperature?

    <p>It primarily helps in maintaining body temperature through perspiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the importance of the integumentary system?

    <p>It protects against minor injuries and disease-causing agents, and maintains body temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of nutrients for the reproductive system?

    <p>They are essential for healthy pregnancies and newborns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Basic Physiology Concepts

    • The human body is compared to a complex machine, with numerous interrelated working parts that require a source of fuel to operate.
    • Anatomy is the scientific study of cells and other body structures, while physiology is the scientific study of how cells and body structures function.

    Cells and Tissues

    • A cell is the smallest living functional unit in an organism, with approximately 100 trillion cells in the human body.
    • Cells can be classified into numerous types, each with a specific function (e.g., muscle cells, red blood cells, white blood cells).
    • Cells contain organelles, which are structures that have specific functions (e.g., nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes).
    • The nucleus contains DNA, which provides coded instructions for making proteins.
    • Mitochondria generate energy for the cell.
    • Ribosomes are involved in the assembly of proteins.
    • The cytoplasm is a jelly-like fluid that surrounds the organelles and holds them in place.
    • The plasma membrane defines the boundaries of the cell and controls the passage of materials into and out of the cell.

    Organization of the Body

    • Cells with similar characteristics and functions are joined together into tissues.
    • There are four basic types of tissues: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous.
    • Tissues are organized into organs, which are composed of various tissues that function together.
    • Organs are organized into organ systems, which are groups of organs that work together for a similar purpose.

    Organ Systems

    • The following organ systems are present in the human body:
      • Digestive system: breaks down food into nutrients and absorbs them into the bloodstream.
      • Cardiovascular system: circulates blood throughout the body.
      • Respiratory system: enables the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
      • Lymphatic/immune system: defends the body against diseases and maintains fluid balance.
      • Urinary system: filters waste products from the blood and maintains fluid balance.
      • Muscular system: enables movement and provides stability.
      • Skeletal system: provides support, movement, and protection.
      • Nervous system: regulates body functions, including thought processes, muscle contractions, and physical responses.
      • Endocrine system: produces hormones that regulate various physiological activities.
      • Integumentary system: protects the body against external damage, regulates body temperature, and aids in the synthesis of vitamin D.
      • Reproductive system: produces children and maintains reproductive health.

    Homeostasis

    • Homeostasis is the ability of the body to maintain a stable internal environment despite changes in the external environment.
    • The body strives to maintain internal conditions, such as body temperature and blood pressure, within specific limits.
    • Changes in the cell's internal and external environment can disrupt homeostasis, leading to sickness or even death.
    • The body uses various mechanisms to regain homeostasis, including maintaining proper body temperature, acid-base balance, and tissue fluid levels.

    COVID-19

    • Infection with the coronavirus that causes COVID-19 affects almost every body system, especially the respiratory system.
    • Symptoms of COVID-19 include dry cough, fever, fatigue, and shortness of breath.
    • The disease can cause serious illness and even death, especially in those with compromised immune systems.

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    Description

    Learn about basic physiology concepts, including cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems. Identify major organs, tissues, and their primary functions.

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