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Questions and Answers
What is the comparison used to describe the human body?
What is the primary function of the respiratory system affected by COVID-19?
What is the scientific study of how cells and body structures function?
What is a common symptom of COVID-19?
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What is the term for the organization of the body into systems?
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What is the normal body temperature in Fahrenheit?
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What is a benefit of the human body's ability to repair and maintain itself?
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What is another term for the shortness of breath experienced by people with COVID-19?
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What is the smallest living functional unit in an organism?
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Which type of cell is necessary for movement?
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What is the primary function of the mitochondria in a cell?
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What is the term for the lining of every body surface, including skin and the inside of blood vessels?
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What is the term for the organs, structures, and blood of butchered animals used as food?
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What is the term for a group of organs that work together for a similar purpose?
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What is the primary function of the nucleus in a cell?
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What is the term for the jelly-like fluid that surrounds the organelles in a cell?
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What is the primary function of the ribosomes in a cell?
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What is the term for the membrane that defines the boundaries of a cell and controls the passage of materials?
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What is the primary function of the urinary system?
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What is the primary function of the cardiovascular system?
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What is the main function of the skin in the integumentary system?
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Which system is responsible for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide?
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What is the term for the internal chemical and physical environment that supports life and good health?
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What is the organized structure of the human body?
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What is the primary function of the skeletal system?
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Which system is responsible for the production of blood cells?
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What is the function of the lymphatic system?
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What is the primary function of the capillary walls?
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What is the term for the human body's ability to maintain its internal environment?
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What is the role of hemoglobin in red blood cells?
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What is the primary function of the lymphatic/immune system?
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What is the role of the kidneys in the urinary system?
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What is the primary function of muscles in the muscular system?
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What is the primary function of the skeletal system?
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What is the primary function of the brain in the nervous system?
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What is the primary function of the endocrine system?
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What is the role of the pulmonary arteries in the cardiovascular system?
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What is the role of the lymphatic vessels in the lymphatic/immune system?
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What is the role of the hormone released from the pituitary gland in the thyroid gland?
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What is the main function of the reproductive system?
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What is the primary role of the digestive system?
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What is the importance of nutrients for the skin?
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What is the result of a poorly nourished pregnant woman?
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What is the function of the skin in maintaining body temperature?
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What is the importance of the integumentary system?
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What is the significance of nutrients for the reproductive system?
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Study Notes
Basic Physiology Concepts
- The human body is compared to a complex machine, with numerous interrelated working parts that require a source of fuel to operate.
- Anatomy is the scientific study of cells and other body structures, while physiology is the scientific study of how cells and body structures function.
Cells and Tissues
- A cell is the smallest living functional unit in an organism, with approximately 100 trillion cells in the human body.
- Cells can be classified into numerous types, each with a specific function (e.g., muscle cells, red blood cells, white blood cells).
- Cells contain organelles, which are structures that have specific functions (e.g., nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes).
- The nucleus contains DNA, which provides coded instructions for making proteins.
- Mitochondria generate energy for the cell.
- Ribosomes are involved in the assembly of proteins.
- The cytoplasm is a jelly-like fluid that surrounds the organelles and holds them in place.
- The plasma membrane defines the boundaries of the cell and controls the passage of materials into and out of the cell.
Organization of the Body
- Cells with similar characteristics and functions are joined together into tissues.
- There are four basic types of tissues: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous.
- Tissues are organized into organs, which are composed of various tissues that function together.
- Organs are organized into organ systems, which are groups of organs that work together for a similar purpose.
Organ Systems
- The following organ systems are present in the human body:
- Digestive system: breaks down food into nutrients and absorbs them into the bloodstream.
- Cardiovascular system: circulates blood throughout the body.
- Respiratory system: enables the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
- Lymphatic/immune system: defends the body against diseases and maintains fluid balance.
- Urinary system: filters waste products from the blood and maintains fluid balance.
- Muscular system: enables movement and provides stability.
- Skeletal system: provides support, movement, and protection.
- Nervous system: regulates body functions, including thought processes, muscle contractions, and physical responses.
- Endocrine system: produces hormones that regulate various physiological activities.
- Integumentary system: protects the body against external damage, regulates body temperature, and aids in the synthesis of vitamin D.
- Reproductive system: produces children and maintains reproductive health.
Homeostasis
- Homeostasis is the ability of the body to maintain a stable internal environment despite changes in the external environment.
- The body strives to maintain internal conditions, such as body temperature and blood pressure, within specific limits.
- Changes in the cell's internal and external environment can disrupt homeostasis, leading to sickness or even death.
- The body uses various mechanisms to regain homeostasis, including maintaining proper body temperature, acid-base balance, and tissue fluid levels.
COVID-19
- Infection with the coronavirus that causes COVID-19 affects almost every body system, especially the respiratory system.
- Symptoms of COVID-19 include dry cough, fever, fatigue, and shortness of breath.
- The disease can cause serious illness and even death, especially in those with compromised immune systems.
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Description
Learn about basic physiology concepts, including cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems. Identify major organs, tissues, and their primary functions.
