23 Questions
What is the physiological condition associated with the stomach's contraction that compels a person to seek food and eat it?
Hunger
Which of the following factors does NOT influence the decision on what to eat?
Social media trends
What is the term for the forceful contractions of the stomach that occur as a way for the stomach to pass into a resting stage?
Hunger pangs
What does hunger usually compel a person to do?
Seek food and eat it
What is determined as 'normal' or 'desirable' in terms of food choices?
Religious or cultural rules
What is the term for the condition that compels a person to seek food and eat it?
Appetite
What is the main function of the appetite suppressant mentioned in the text?
Canceling out Ghrelin's appetite-stimulating effects
According to set-point theory, what does it state about weight regulation in humans?
There is a biological control method that actively regulates weight towards a predetermined set weight for each individual
How does the regulation of energy intake occur according to the text?
Through increased or decreased appetite
What is the primary focus of Zhang et al.'s research as mentioned in the text?
Appetite control and energy balance regulation
In what way does the reward-driven brain override repletion signals as per the text?
Influencing eating behavior despite being full
According to Advanced Nutrition by Berdanier and Zempleni, what are macronutrients?
Nutrients required in large amounts such as carbohydrates and proteins
What is the focus of the book 'Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease' by Hussain, Silva, and Bloom?
Control of food intake and appetite
Which aspect of metabolism is covered in 'Vander’s Human Physiology' by Widmaier, Raff, and Strang?
The mechanisms of body function
What concept does 'Control of Food Intake and Appetite' by Hussain, Silva, and Bloom primarily focus on?
Regulation of hunger and satiety signals
Which phase of gastric secretion is initiated by the sight, smell, thought, or taste of food?
Cephalic phase
Which hormone signals satiety to the hypothalamus and inhibits appetite when fat cells produce a high level of it?
Leptin
What hormone is secreted from the endocrine L cells of the small and large bowel and is released into circulation after meals to suppress appetite?
Peptide YY (PYY)
Which hormone increases before meals, stimulates gastric motility and acid secretion, and increases with weight loss?
Ghrelin
What does insulin, a hormone secreted by the pancreas, temporarily suppress?
Appetite
What is a stage in which the duodenum responds to arriving chyme and moderates gastric activity through hormones and nervous reflexes?
Intestinal phase
In which part of the body are signals of taste detected by receptor cells?
Tongue and mouth
What accounts for about 50-60% of total gastric acid secretion?
Gastric phase
Study Notes
- Symptoms of satiety include stomach contractions, weakness, irritability, occasional headache, and the sensation of fullness after eating.
- The cephalic phase of gastric secretion is initiated by the sight, smell, thought or taste of food, leading to a conditioned reflex and accounting for about 20% of gastric secretion.
- Taste is detected by receptor cells in the tongue and other parts of the mouth, and signals are sent to the brain through nerve fibers.
- The intestinal phase is a stage in which the duodenum responds to arriving chyme and moderates gastric activity through hormones and nervous reflexes.
- The gastric phase is a period in which swallowed food and semidigested protein activate gastric activity, and accounts for about 50-60% of total gastric acid secretion.
- The stomach produces the appetite-stimulating hormone ghrelin, which increases before meals, stimulates gastric motility and acid secretion, and increases with weight loss.
- The hormone leptin, secreted by adipose tissue, signals satiety to the hypothalamus and inhibits appetite when fat cells produce a high level of leptin. Leptin resistance can occur in obesity, generating oxidative stress and hindering the ability to maintain optimal energy levels.
- Insulin, a hormone secreted by the pancreas, temporarily suppresses appetite and transforms consumed food into glucose for the body to use as energy.
- Peptide YY (PYY) is an appetite-suppressing hormone secreted from the endocrine L cells of the small and large bowel and released into circulation after meals.
Test your knowledge on physiological aspects of appetite, body weight regulation, and the neural and hormonal control of appetite. Explore topics such as food consumption, set point theory, and factors influencing food choice.
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