Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is indicated by a score of 2/10 in a non-stress test?
What is indicated by a score of 2/10 in a non-stress test?
Which of the following is considered a presumptive sign of pregnancy?
Which of the following is considered a presumptive sign of pregnancy?
At what gestational age can quickening typically be first felt in a primigravida?
At what gestational age can quickening typically be first felt in a primigravida?
What does a score of 6/10 indicate in the scoring criteria for a non-stress test?
What does a score of 6/10 indicate in the scoring criteria for a non-stress test?
Signup and view all the answers
What hormone is primarily detected in a urine pregnancy test to confirm pregnancy?
What hormone is primarily detected in a urine pregnancy test to confirm pregnancy?
Signup and view all the answers
Which sign of pregnancy is characterized by a dark line running from the umbilicus to the pubis?
Which sign of pregnancy is characterized by a dark line running from the umbilicus to the pubis?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following would be considered a probable sign of pregnancy?
Which of the following would be considered a probable sign of pregnancy?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the earliest gestational age at which fetal cardiac movement can be noted via sonographic visualization?
What is the earliest gestational age at which fetal cardiac movement can be noted via sonographic visualization?
Signup and view all the answers
What is defined as a reactive nonstress test (NST)?
What is defined as a reactive nonstress test (NST)?
Signup and view all the answers
In a contraction stress test, what does a negative result indicate?
In a contraction stress test, what does a negative result indicate?
Signup and view all the answers
What does the Amniotic Fluid Index (AFI) measure?
What does the Amniotic Fluid Index (AFI) measure?
Signup and view all the answers
What characterizes oligohydramnios in AFI results?
What characterizes oligohydramnios in AFI results?
Signup and view all the answers
What specifies the purpose of a biophysical profile?
What specifies the purpose of a biophysical profile?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a significant risk associated with contraction stress tests?
What is a significant risk associated with contraction stress tests?
Signup and view all the answers
Which option is an example of a screening test?
Which option is an example of a screening test?
Signup and view all the answers
What defines a positive contraction stress test result?
What defines a positive contraction stress test result?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary purpose of carrying out a comprehensive health assessment during the initial prenatal visit?
What is the primary purpose of carrying out a comprehensive health assessment during the initial prenatal visit?
Signup and view all the answers
What does the abbreviation GTPAL stand for in documenting obstetric history?
What does the abbreviation GTPAL stand for in documenting obstetric history?
Signup and view all the answers
During which trimester should education about pain relief options in labor be addressed?
During which trimester should education about pain relief options in labor be addressed?
Signup and view all the answers
When should a woman anticipate being screened for gestational diabetes?
When should a woman anticipate being screened for gestational diabetes?
Signup and view all the answers
What does the term teratogenesis refer to in prenatal education?
What does the term teratogenesis refer to in prenatal education?
Signup and view all the answers
What factor is assessed to determine the need for a Pap smear during an initial prenatal visit?
What factor is assessed to determine the need for a Pap smear during an initial prenatal visit?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the significance of performing a urinalysis during prenatal care?
What is the significance of performing a urinalysis during prenatal care?
Signup and view all the answers
At what point in the pregnancy is the screening for Group B Streptococcus (GBS) typically conducted?
At what point in the pregnancy is the screening for Group B Streptococcus (GBS) typically conducted?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a physiological change in the uterus during pregnancy?
What is a physiological change in the uterus during pregnancy?
Signup and view all the answers
How does progesterone affect smooth muscle during pregnancy?
How does progesterone affect smooth muscle during pregnancy?
Signup and view all the answers
What causes edema in the lower extremities during pregnancy?
What causes edema in the lower extremities during pregnancy?
Signup and view all the answers
What hormone is primarily responsible for nasal and sinus congestion during pregnancy?
What hormone is primarily responsible for nasal and sinus congestion during pregnancy?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a potential change in laboratory values due to cardiovascular adaptations in pregnancy?
What is a potential change in laboratory values due to cardiovascular adaptations in pregnancy?
Signup and view all the answers
What method can help relieve lower extremity edema?
What method can help relieve lower extremity edema?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following statements about fetal movement counts is correct?
Which of the following statements about fetal movement counts is correct?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a likely physiological adaptation of the cervical glands during pregnancy?
What is a likely physiological adaptation of the cervical glands during pregnancy?
Signup and view all the answers
What role does the embryoblast play in development?
What role does the embryoblast play in development?
Signup and view all the answers
Which structure connects the umbilical vein to the inferior vena cava in the fetal circulatory system?
Which structure connects the umbilical vein to the inferior vena cava in the fetal circulatory system?
Signup and view all the answers
How does oxygenated blood bypass the lungs in the fetal circulatory system?
How does oxygenated blood bypass the lungs in the fetal circulatory system?
Signup and view all the answers
What is primarily responsible for the production of hormones such as estrogen and progesterone during early pregnancy?
What is primarily responsible for the production of hormones such as estrogen and progesterone during early pregnancy?
Signup and view all the answers
What structure forms the maternal side of the placenta?
What structure forms the maternal side of the placenta?
Signup and view all the answers
How does the placenta facilitate gas exchange?
How does the placenta facilitate gas exchange?
Signup and view all the answers
What happens to the ductus arteriosus after birth?
What happens to the ductus arteriosus after birth?
Signup and view all the answers
Which hormone is responsible for promoting fetal growth by regulating glucose?
Which hormone is responsible for promoting fetal growth by regulating glucose?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Physiologic Adaptations to Pregnancy
Uterine Changes
- Uterus undergoes hypertrophy of the uterine wall.
- Vaginal muscles and connective tissue soften, preparing for birth.
- Increased contractibility leads to Braxton-Hicks contractions.
- Cervical glands enlarge to form a mucus plug, acting as a protective barrier.
- Uterus expands and stretches to accommodate the growing fetus.
- Circulatory volume expands, causing vascular congestion.
- Abdominal muscles stretch, which may lead to diastasis recti.
- Increased vascularity in vaginal and cervical glands results in heightened leukorrhea.
- Amenorrhea, or absence of menstruation, occurs during pregnancy.
Hormonal Impact on Smooth Muscle
- Muscle relaxation is facilitated by respiratory estrogen, progesterone, and prostaglandins, potentially causing:
- Dyspnea and nasal congestion.
- Epistaxis (nosebleeds).
- Renal effects include increased urine output, incontinence, and a higher risk of urinary tract infections due to progesterone.
- Gastrointestinal changes result in bloating, flatulence, and constipation also linked to progesterone.
- Estrogen and progesterone relax smooth muscles in the cervix and pelvic floor ligaments.
Edema in Lower Extremities
- Edema is caused by increased venous pressure and compression of iliac veins and inferior vena cava during pregnancy.
- Decreased renal flow occurs, particularly in the third trimester.
- Relief methods include:
- Sleeping on the left side to prevent vena cava compression.
- Elevating the legs.
- Staying hydrated and exercising.
- Wearing compression socks and avoiding prolonged sitting or standing.
Nasal and Sinus Congestion
- Congestion results from elevated levels of estrogen, progesterone, and prostaglandins.
Cardiovascular System Adaptations
- Elevated red blood cell (RBC) count and volume.
- Increased plasma volume leads to decreased hemoglobin concentration.
Fetal Monitoring Techniques
- Daily fetal movement counts (FMC) are recommended after approximately 28 weeks:
- Options: Two-hour perception of ten distinct movements or one-hour perception of four movements.
- If no movement is detected post-meal, advise lying on the side.
- Vibroacoustic stimulation (VAS) is used when a non-reactive non-stress test (NST) occurs:
- Involves applying an artificial larynx on the maternal abdomen; reactive results show FHR increases.
- Contraction stress tests assess fetal heart rate (FHR) response to contractions:
- A normal (negative) result shows no FHR decelerations with three contractions.
- An abnormal (positive) result indicates late decelerations during 50% of contractions, suggesting oxygen reserve issues.
- Amniotic Fluid Index (AFI) evaluates amniotic fluid volume to check fetal well-being:
- Normal range is approximately 8cm to 24cm, while ologohydramnios and polyhydramnios indicate fetal distress.
- A biophysical profile combines NST with ultrasound assessing five indicators and score interpretation.
Diagnosing Pregnancy
Signs of Pregnancy
-
Presumptive Signs:
- Amenorrhea, nausea and vomiting, breast changes (enlargement, tenderness), fatigue, frequent urination, quickening.
-
Probable Signs:
- Uterine growth, skin hyperpigmentation (melasma and linea nigra), and ballottement.
-
Positive Signs:
- Auscultation of fetal heart sounds, palpable fetal movement, and sonographic visualization of fetal structures.
Pregnancy Tests
- Urine pregnancy tests detect human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), with blood tests providing earlier detection.
- First-morning urine specimens yield the most accurate results for home pregnancy tests.
Preconception and Prenatal Care
Initial Prenatal Visit Components
- Comprehensive health assessment including pregnancy history and physical exam.
- Determine estimated due date (EDD), nutrition assessment, and psychosocial evaluation.
- Standard lab tests including blood type, CBC, RPR, HIV screening, hepatitis B, rubella titer, tuberculosis screen, urinalysis, and cultures.
Teratogenesis
- Teratogenesis refers to congenital malformations due to exposure to harmful agents during development.
Prenatal Education Topics
- Discuss pain relief, postpartum care, early pregnancy discomforts, breastfeeding, signs of labor, and infant care.
Obstetric History Documentation (GTPAL)
- G: Total number of pregnancies.
- T: Term infants (37+ weeks).
- P: Preterm infants.
- A: Abortions (spontaneous or induced).
- L: Living children.
Screening Recommendations
- Gestational diabetes screening occurs at 24-28 weeks.
- Group B Streptococcus (GBS) screening is done at 35-37 weeks.
Infertility Definition
- Defined as the inability to conceive and maintain a pregnancy after six months.
Pregnancy and Fetal Development
Fertilization Location
- Occurs in the outer third of the fallopian tube where sperm and oocyte nuclei merge to form a zygote.
Fetal Circulatory System Structures
- Ductus venosus connects umbilical vein to inferior vena cava.
- Foramen ovale allows blood shunting from right to left atrium.
- Ductus arteriosus connects pulmonary artery to descending aorta, directing most blood to the aorta bypassing the lungs.
Placenta Function and Formation
- Forms from both fetal (chorionic tissue) and maternal (decidual tissue) components.
- Facilitates metabolic and gas exchange via diffusion and active transport, alongside hormone production (hCG, estrogen, progesterone, hPL) essential for pregnancy maintenance.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
This quiz explores the various physiologic adaptations that occur in the body during pregnancy, particularly focusing on the changes in the uterus. Participants will learn about the hypertrophy of uterine walls, softening of vaginal muscles, and other crucial adaptations that facilitate a healthy pregnancy and birth process.
