Physics Quiz on Waves and Electricity

The theory that all organisms are composed of cells, which are the basic unit of life, and that all cells arise from pre-existing cells.

Cells that lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Simpler in structure and smaller than eukaryotic cells.

Cells that have a well-defined nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Complex and larger than prokaryotic cells.

The control center of the eukaryotic cell, containing DNA and regulating cellular activity.

Powerhouses of the cell, responsible for generating ATP through cellular respiration.

A network of interconnected membranes involved in protein synthesis (rough ER) and lipid synthesis (smooth ER).

A stack of membrane-bound sacs involved in modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins and lipids for secretion or use within the cell.

Organelles containing enzymes that break down waste material and cellular debris.

The curved path an object follows due to gravity and constant horizontal velocity. It's a result of two forces acting independently: a constant horizontal force and a downward vertical force caused by gravity.

The study of forces that cause or change motion.

An object at rest remains at rest, and an object in motion remains in motion at a constant velocity unless acted upon by an external force.

The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass. (F = ma)

For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

The force that resists the motion of two surfaces in contact.

The force that prevents the motion of an object at rest. It is generally stronger than kinetic friction.

The force that opposes the motion of an object that is already moving.

Ohm's Law states that the current flowing through a conductor is directly proportional to the voltage across it and inversely proportional to the resistance. This means that if you increase the voltage, the current will increase, and if you increase the resistance, the current will decrease.

Power in a circuit refers to the rate at which energy is used or converted. It's calculated by multiplying the voltage and current. The higher the power, the more energy is being used per unit time.

Waves are disturbances that transfer energy from one place to another. They have several properties, including wavelength, frequency, amplitude, and speed.

Sound is a type of mechanical wave that requires a medium (like air or water) to travel. It travels as a longitudinal wave, meaning the particles of the medium vibrate parallel to the direction of the wave.

The Doppler effect is the change in frequency or wavelength of a wave as observed by an observer when the source of the wave is moving relative to them. It causes the pitch of a sound to increase as the source approaches and decrease as it moves away.

Reflection is the bouncing back of light from a surface. The angle of incidence (the angle at which the light hits) equals the angle of reflection (the angle at which it bounces).

Refraction is the bending of light when it passes from one medium to another (like from air to water). How much it bends depends on the index of refraction of each medium.

The index of refraction of a material is a measure of how much light bends when passing through it compared to how it bends in a vacuum. A higher index of refraction means light bends more.

A brief reversal of membrane potential that travels along the axon. It's triggered when the membrane potential crosses a threshold, opening voltage-gated sodium channels, allowing Na+ ions to enter, followed by the opening of potassium channels to restore resting potential.

The process of converting electrical signals in neurons to chemical signals at the synapse, using neurotransmitters. These chemical signals bind to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane, potentially initiating a new action potential in the next neuron.

Water-soluble hormones that bind to receptors on the cell surface, triggering a cascade of intracellular events using second messengers.

Lipid-soluble hormones that can cross the cell membrane and bind to intracellular receptors, often influencing gene expression.

Hormones derived from amino acids. They can exhibit properties of both peptide and steroid hormones.

A group of hormones that regulate various bodily functions, including metabolism, growth, and reproduction. They often act by binding to specific receptors on target cells or influencing gene expression.

The process by which hormones travel through the bloodstream and interact with target cells, influencing their activity.

The study of the nervous system, including its structure, function, and diseases.

The bond that connects amino acids in a polypeptide chain. Formed through a dehydration reaction, removing a water molecule.

The linear sequence of amino acids in a protein. Determined by the genetic code.

The local folding patterns in a protein, stabilized by hydrogen bonds. Two major types: alpha helices and beta sheets.

The three-dimensional shape of a protein, determined by interactions between amino acid side chains. Includes hydrophobic interactions, hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, and disulfide bridges.

The arrangement of multiple polypeptide chains (subunits) into a functional protein complex. Example: Hemoglobin.

A biological catalyst that speeds up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy. They are not consumed in the reaction.

The loss of a protein's 3D structure, often due to environmental changes like heat or pH. Leads to loss of function.

Changes in a protein's amino acid sequence, which can alter its structure and function. Can be caused by mutations or environmental factors.

Electrons occupy orbitals within an atom based on their energy levels. This arrangement influences how atoms form bonds with other atoms, ultimately dictating chemical reactions.

Light emission occurs when an electron in a hydrogen atom transitions from a higher energy level to a lower one, releasing the energy difference as light. This is a direct result of quantum mechanics, which explains the quantized nature of energy levels.

The Periodic Table arranges elements by increasing atomic number. Elements in the same vertical column are in the same group, sharing similar chemical behaviors because they have the same number of valence electrons.

Atomic radius decreases across a period due to increasing nuclear charge pulling electrons closer. It increases down a group due to adding electron shells, increasing distance from the nucleus.

Ionization energy is the energy required to remove an electron from an atom. It increases across a period due to higher nuclear charge holding electrons tighter. It decreases down a group due to increasing distance from the nucleus.

Electronegativity measures an atom's ability to attract electrons in a bond. It increases across a period due to higher nuclear charge, pulling electrons stronger. It decreases down a group due to increasing distance from the nucleus.

Ionic bonds form between metals (losing electrons to become cations) and nonmetals (gaining electrons to become anions). The electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions results in the bond.

Covalent bonds involve atoms sharing electrons to achieve a stable electron configuration. The shared electrons are attracted to both nuclei involved in the bond.