Physics of Coefficient of Restitution

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Questions and Answers

What is the coefficient of restitution value for a perfectly elastic impact?

  • 1 (correct)
  • 2
  • 0
  • 0.5

If a ball is dropped from 2 meters with a coefficient of restitution of 0.9, what height will it bounce back to?

  • 1.62 m (correct)
  • 1.0 m
  • 1.5 m
  • 1.8 m

What impact does an increase in ball velocity have on the coefficient of restitution in sports?

  • It has no effect on the COR.
  • It decreases the COR.
  • It always leads to a perfectly elastic impact.
  • It increases the COR. (correct)

Which sport has a coefficient of restitution range of 0.82 to 0.85 for play on the floor?

<p>Racquetball (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of temperature on the coefficient of restitution in sports?

<p>Higher temperature can increase the COR. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of work is performed when a force and displacement are in the same direction?

<p>Positive Work (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which scenario is negative work being performed?

<p>A person lowers a box to the floor. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of muscle contraction produces no mechanical work?

<p>Isometric Contraction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a therapist exerts a force of 200 N and the patient's foot moves 20 cm toward them, what is the work done by the therapist?

<p>-40 J (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mechanical work performed by muscles during concentric action is characterized by what?

<p>Positive Work (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Newton's second law describe?

<p>The cause-effect relationship between forces and acceleration. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the vertical forces problem, what is the calculated vertical acceleration of the runner?

<p>24.81 m/s² upward. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the magnitude of the friction force opposing the movement of the 2 kg block?

<p>1.5 N. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Newton's third law state?

<p>For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component is NOT involved in Newton's second law?

<p>Velocity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for calculating impulse?

<p>J = F * t (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How much momentum does a 1 kg ball traveling at 28 m/s have?

<p>28 kgâ‹…m/s (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the required impulse to stop a 1 kg ball moving at 28 m/s?

<p>-28 Nâ‹…s (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What determines the effect of a force acting on a body?

<p>The mass of the body and external forces (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If the ball remains in contact with the glove for 0.5 seconds, what is the average force applied by the glove?

<p>-56 N (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why will a shot putter's force have a greater effect on the shot than vice versa?

<p>The shot has a smaller mass than the shot putter (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of forces do two people exert against each other while pushing?

<p>Equal and opposite (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly represents the impulse-momentum relationship?

<p>Ft = m(v_f - v_i) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which person has smaller friction forces acting against their feet when two people are pushing each other?

<p>The person with the smaller mass (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between mass and acceleration for an object being pushed?

<p>Smaller mass results in greater acceleration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the velocity of the toboggan after being pushed for 7 seconds with an average force of 100 N?

<p>7.78 m/s (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method to increase momentum in sports?

<p>Following through during a shot or swing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In order to reduce impact forces while stopping, what should be increased?

<p>Impact time (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is conserved during a perfectly elastic impact?

<p>Both momentum and kinetic energy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during a perfectly plastic impact?

<p>There is a total loss of kinetic energy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for calculating momentum?

<p>L = mv (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the principle of conservation of momentum, what happens to the total linear momentum of a system in the absence of external forces?

<p>It remains constant. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about collisions is correct?

<p>Internal forces do not affect the overall motion of the system. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the momentum of the 90 kg hockey player just before colliding with the 80 kg player?

<p>540 kgâ‹…m/s (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a collision, what happens to the momenta of two objects that collide and move together afterward?

<p>They move with the same velocity and direction. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for calculating work?

<p>$W = F imes d$ (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How much work does a discus thrower do if they exert a force of 1000 N over a displacement of 0.6 m?

<p>600 J (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the total work done during the complete bench press lift if the barbell returns to the starting position?

<p>0 J (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the lowering of the barbell in a bench press, what is the work done if the displacement is -0.7 m?

<p>-700 J (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the units for measuring work?

<p>Joules (J) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Newton's First Law state about an object in a state of rest?

<p>It will remain in a state of rest if no net external forces act on it. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can Newton's Second Law be mathematically expressed?

<p>a = rac{F}{m} (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When a 15-pound dumbbell is held still, what is the relationship between the force exerted and its weight?

<p>The force must equal the weight of the dumbbell. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Newton's laws, which statement is true regarding internal forces?

<p>They are not considered when applying Newton's laws. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a net external force is applied to an object, how does Newton’s Second Law predict its motion?

<p>The object will accelerate in the direction of the force. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Kinetics

The branch of dynamics focusing on causes of linear motion, based on Newton's laws.

Newton's First Law

An object at rest stays at rest, and an object in motion continues at constant velocity if no net external forces act on it.

Static Equilibrium

A condition where all external forces acting on an object sum to zero, maintaining it at rest.

Newton's Second Law

The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass (ΣF = ma).

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Force Equation

The formula a = F/m shows how acceleration (a) depends on net force (F) and mass (m).

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Newton's Second Law Applications

Newton's second law applies to both horizontal and vertical forces and accelerations.

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Vertical Force Equation

The equation ΣF_{y} = m a_{y} describes vertical forces and acceleration relationship.

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Calculating Vertical Acceleration

To find vertical acceleration, use a_{y} = ΣF_{y}/m.

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Horizontal Force Equation

The equation ΣF_{x} = m a_{x} describes horizontal forces and acceleration relationship.

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Newton's Third Law

For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction force.

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Action and Reaction Forces

Forces are always equal and opposite as per Newton's Third Law.

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Effect of Mass on Acceleration

The effect of a force depends on the mass of the body acted upon.

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Shot Putter Example

The shot putter pushes on the shot, causing it to accelerate more due to its smaller mass.

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External Forces on People

Each person experiences weight, friction, reaction force, and gravity in different amounts.

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Acceleration from Push

The person with smaller mass will accelerate more due to smaller opposing forces.

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Momentum

The quantity of motion a body possesses, defined as L = mv.

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Conservation of Momentum

In the absence of external forces, total linear momentum remains constant: L_i = L_f.

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Internal Forces in Collisions

Forces objects exert on each other during a collision that don't affect overall motion.

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Collision Aftermath

Two objects post-collision move with the same velocity and original momentum of the more massive one.

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Example Problem Momentum Calculation

Calculate momentum using m*v; 90 kg hockey player at 6 m/s yields 540 kgâ‹…m/s just before collision.

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Impulse

The product of a force and the time interval over which it acts.

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Impulse-Momentum Relationship

Impulse equals the change in momentum for an object.

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Average Force (from impulse)

The average force exerted is impulse divided by time of contact.

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Units of Impulse

Impulse is measured in Newton-seconds (Nâ‹…s).

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Toboggan Velocity Calculation

The velocity of a toboggan after being pushed depends on the force applied over time and its mass.

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Impact Forces

Impact forces are large forces experienced during a short collision between two bodies.

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Perfectly Elastic Impact

In a perfectly elastic impact, both momentum and kinetic energy are conserved.

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Perfectly Plastic Impact

In a perfectly plastic impact, kinetic energy is lost and the system's velocity is zero after collision.

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Work

The product of force and displacement in the direction of the force, calculated as W = F(d).

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Units of Work

Work is measured in Joules (J) or Newton-meters (Nm).

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Scalar Quantity

A quantity that has only magnitude and no direction, such as work.

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Positive Work

Work is positive when the displacement is in the same direction as the force applied.

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Total Work during a Lift

Total work can be zero if the start and end positions are the same, despite positive and negative work done.

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Coefficient of Restitution (COR)

A measure of elasticity for colliding bodies, represented as 'e' (0 to 1).

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COR Calculation Formula

e = √(bounce height / drop height) calculates the coefficient of restitution.

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Impact of Velocity on COR

Increased impact velocity raises the COR, making the rebound livelier in sports.

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Negative Work

Work done when force and displacement are in opposite directions.

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Mechanical Work by Muscles

Positive work is concentric; negative work is eccentric.

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Isometric Contraction

Muscle contraction where no displacement occurs, resulting in zero work.

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