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Obese individuals have increased buoyancy due to higher specific gravity of fat tissue.
Obese individuals have increased buoyancy due to higher specific gravity of fat tissue.
False
Females generally have a lower body fat percentage than males.
Females generally have a lower body fat percentage than males.
False
The buoyancy of a person in water does not depend on body composition.
The buoyancy of a person in water does not depend on body composition.
False
The resistance encountered when moving a limb through water increases with the speed of the movement.
The resistance encountered when moving a limb through water increases with the speed of the movement.
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Cohesive force in water is the internal friction between its molecules.
Cohesive force in water is the internal friction between its molecules.
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Surface tension is a result of cohesive forces and can be observed in moving water.
Surface tension is a result of cohesive forces and can be observed in moving water.
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Bow force is the resistance encountered at the rear of an object moving through water.
Bow force is the resistance encountered at the rear of an object moving through water.
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The buoyancy effect in water provides an advantage for swimming by lowering energy expenditure.
The buoyancy effect in water provides an advantage for swimming by lowering energy expenditure.
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Buoyancy is defined as the tendency of a body to sink when immersed in water.
Buoyancy is defined as the tendency of a body to sink when immersed in water.
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When immersed in water up to the neck, a person bears approximately 10% of their body weight on the lower body.
When immersed in water up to the neck, a person bears approximately 10% of their body weight on the lower body.
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Archimedes’ principle states that the buoyant force on a body immersed in a fluid is less than the weight of the fluid displaced by that object.
Archimedes’ principle states that the buoyant force on a body immersed in a fluid is less than the weight of the fluid displaced by that object.
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Immersion up to the xiphoid process leads to about 33% body weight bearing on the lower body.
Immersion up to the xiphoid process leads to about 33% body weight bearing on the lower body.
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Buoyancy can assist in the exercise of extremities while in water.
Buoyancy can assist in the exercise of extremities while in water.
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Hydrostatic pressure is one of the physical properties of water related to buoyancy.
Hydrostatic pressure is one of the physical properties of water related to buoyancy.
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The center of buoyancy is the same as the center of gravity.
The center of buoyancy is the same as the center of gravity.
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A person immersed in water up to their anterior superior iliac spines will experience about 50% weight bearing on the lower extremities.
A person immersed in water up to their anterior superior iliac spines will experience about 50% weight bearing on the lower extremities.
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The drag force is always directed in the same direction as the movement of the object in water.
The drag force is always directed in the same direction as the movement of the object in water.
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Increasing the velocity of an object in water by two times will increase the magnitude of the drag force by four times.
Increasing the velocity of an object in water by two times will increase the magnitude of the drag force by four times.
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Streamlining an object in water reduces the surface area at the front, thereby decreasing the bow force.
Streamlining an object in water reduces the surface area at the front, thereby decreasing the bow force.
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Turbulent flow results in drag that is directly proportional to the velocity of the object.
Turbulent flow results in drag that is directly proportional to the velocity of the object.
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The bow force on an object can only be changed by altering its shape.
The bow force on an object can only be changed by altering its shape.
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Fluid drag force is an important consideration in aquatic therapy.
Fluid drag force is an important consideration in aquatic therapy.
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Less bow force leads to an increase in the pressure difference between the front and rear of the object.
Less bow force leads to an increase in the pressure difference between the front and rear of the object.
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Walking in water becomes easier when there is increased turbulence around the patient.
Walking in water becomes easier when there is increased turbulence around the patient.
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Increasing the speed of movement can generate considerable turbulence.
Increasing the speed of movement can generate considerable turbulence.
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Changing the direction of movement decreases drag in rehabilitation exercises.
Changing the direction of movement decreases drag in rehabilitation exercises.
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Hydrostatic pressure is the force exerted by water on a body part at rest.
Hydrostatic pressure is the force exerted by water on a body part at rest.
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A person in water up to the neck experiences the same hydrostatic pressure on their feet as on their trunk.
A person in water up to the neck experiences the same hydrostatic pressure on their feet as on their trunk.
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Hydrostatic pressure can help promote venous return from the lower extremities.
Hydrostatic pressure can help promote venous return from the lower extremities.
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The dependent position of a body part does not affect hydrostatic pressure's therapeutic benefits.
The dependent position of a body part does not affect hydrostatic pressure's therapeutic benefits.
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Increasing surface area using rehabilitation equipment can modify workout intensity.
Increasing surface area using rehabilitation equipment can modify workout intensity.
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Combining heat with the dependent position of an extremity in a whirlpool can decrease swelling.
Combining heat with the dependent position of an extremity in a whirlpool can decrease swelling.
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Hydrodynamic pressure is the pressure generated by a liquid at rest.
Hydrodynamic pressure is the pressure generated by a liquid at rest.
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In streamline flow, fluid molecules move in parallel paths without crossing.
In streamline flow, fluid molecules move in parallel paths without crossing.
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Turbulent flow occurs in slow movement and results in smooth paths.
Turbulent flow occurs in slow movement and results in smooth paths.
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Hydrostatic pressure exists within a liquid in motion.
Hydrostatic pressure exists within a liquid in motion.
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The viscosity of water increases during turbulent flow.
The viscosity of water increases during turbulent flow.
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Movement of a body part in still water will create significant turbulence.
Movement of a body part in still water will create significant turbulence.
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Thermodynamics studies the relationship between heat, work, and energy.
Thermodynamics studies the relationship between heat, work, and energy.
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If the temperature of the water is lower than that of a body part, the body part's temperature will decrease.
If the temperature of the water is lower than that of a body part, the body part's temperature will decrease.
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The rate of heat loss in body tissues to water is 25 times greater than to air at the same temperature.
The rate of heat loss in body tissues to water is 25 times greater than to air at the same temperature.
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The specific heat of water is lower than that of most substances.
The specific heat of water is lower than that of most substances.
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When the body or body part is immersed in water, heat is primarily lost through conduction.
When the body or body part is immersed in water, heat is primarily lost through conduction.
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Radiation allows for heat exchange between the body and the surrounding air.
Radiation allows for heat exchange between the body and the surrounding air.
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The body can lose heat by evaporation even when fully immersed in water.
The body can lose heat by evaporation even when fully immersed in water.
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Agitation of water in a whirlpool can limit the 'sealer' effect of water on the skin.
Agitation of water in a whirlpool can limit the 'sealer' effect of water on the skin.
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The best air temperature for a hydrotherapy environment is 85°F to 90°F.
The best air temperature for a hydrotherapy environment is 85°F to 90°F.
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Specific heat measures the energy required to raise the temperature of 1 kilogram of substance by 1°C.
Specific heat measures the energy required to raise the temperature of 1 kilogram of substance by 1°C.
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Study Notes
Hydrotherapy
- Hydrotherapy, also known as water therapy, uses water (hot, cold, steam, or ice) to alleviate discomfort, promote well-being, and aid healing, exercise, and patient goal achievement in therapy.
- Water's properties offer treatment options unavailable with land-based interventions.
- Examples include non-weight-bearing positions (supine, prone, or sitting) in a pool using buoyant devices.
- Upper and lower extremity movement and exercise can be facilitated by buoyancy.
- Water in a pool can offer resistance for muscle strengthening exercises.
- Historically, hydrotherapy was administered in metal tubs (whirlpools) agitated by motors.
- Whirlpool use for treating wounds has decreased due to infection concerns and cost.
- Newer techniques, like pulsed lavage with suction (PLWS) devices, have replaced whirlpools for wound care.
- Pool therapy/aquatic therapy is gaining popularity in rehabilitation programs.
- Other hydrotherapy methods, like contrast baths, have limited research on effectiveness.
- The physiological effects of hydrotherapy depend primarily on:
- Water temperature.
- Amount of body immersed in water.
- Whether the body part is at rest or moving.
Physical Properties of Water
-
Buoyancy:
- Definition: The tendency of a body to float or rise when partially or fully submerged in water or a fluid.
- Archimedes' principle: The buoyant force on a submerged object is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by that object.
- Percentage of body weight on lower body during immersion:
- Neck deep: ~10%
- Xiphoid process: ~33%
- Anterior superior iliac spines: ~50% (details for females and males)
- Table showing percentage weights during immersion: provided (C7, Xiphisternum, A.S.I.S.)
- Exercise assistance: Buoyancy can assist in exercising extremities.
- Resistance exercises: Buoyancy can provide resistance.
- Example: Patient recovering from a rotator cuff repair can use buoyancy to assist in raising and maneuvering extremities.
- Definition: The tendency of a body to float or rise when partially or fully submerged in water or a fluid.
-
Viscosity: Internal friction within a liquid due to cohesive forces between molecules.
- Types of resistive forces:
- Cohesive force: Parallel to the surface, slight but easily overcome
- Bow force: Generated at the front of the object during movement, causing pressure increase at front and decrease at back, leading to water movement and eddies.
- Drag force: Resists the object's movement, parallel to movement but in the opposite direction.
- Effect of velocity: Doubling velocity quadruples drag force resistance to the object
- Effect of turbulence: Turbulent water flow significantly increases resistance, potentially for progressive resistance work.
- Types of resistive forces:
-
Hydrostatic pressure: The force exerted by water on a submerged body part at rest.
- Depth dependence: Greater depth creates higher pressure.
- Uniformity: Pressure affects the body equally from every direction.
- Effect on body parts: Lower extremities experience greater pressure than the trunk or shoulders.
- Patient comfort: Lower-depth exercise usually results in reduced resistance.
-
Hydrodynamics: The study of fluid motion and forces acting on submerged/moving bodies in water.
- Difference between hydrostatic and hydrodynamic pressure: Static vs. moving fluid pressure.
- Types:
- Streamline/Laminar flow: Fluid molecules move parallel to one another, common in slow movement.
- Turbulent flow: Chaotic fluid movement with whirlpool-like formations in fast movement.
-
Thermodynamics:
- Heat transfer: Water significantly faster heat loss than air at similar temperatures. Also heat transfer will increase with increased velocity.
- Conduction vs. convection: Conduction is the transfer of heat when objects are in contact; while convection is heat transfer through the movement of warmed fluids like water.
- The transfer of heat is limited when agitation causes resistance.
- Temperature and humidity: Proper temperature and humidity for water therapy are crucial to maintaining consistent body temperatures.
- Specific heat: Water has extremely high specific heat (amount of energy needed to change the temperature of 1 gram of substance by 1-degree Celsius).
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Description
Explore the principles of buoyancy and how they affect swimming through this informative quiz. Understand the relationship between body composition, water resistance, and the science of movement in water. Test your knowledge on key concepts such as Archimedes' principle and the effects of body fat on buoyancy.
