Physics: Mechanics, Waves, and Electromagnetism

• These study notes cover a range of physics topics, including mechanics, waves, optics, electromagnetism, thermodynamics, and modern physics
• The notes are structured as questions and problems, suitable for exam preparation

Dimensional Analysis

• [L¹ M¹ T⁻²] represents the dimensional formula for force
• Kinetic energy shares the same dimensions as work

Vector Operations

• The magnitude of the sum of vectors P = 3î and Q = 4ĵ is 5
• The magnitude of the vector product of two unit vectors at a 60° angle is √3/2

Uniform Circular Motion

• For a particle in uniform circular motion, speed remains constant

Conical Pendulum

• The bob of a conical pendulum undergoes uniform motion in a horizontal circle

Force and Motion

• A force of 5N is needed to change the velocity of a 1 kg body from 20 m/s to 30 m/s in 2 seconds

Thermal Expansion

• The coefficients of linear (α), areal (β), and volume (γ) expansion of a solid have the ratio α:β:γ = 1:2:3

Wave Properties

• Frequency remains constant when sound waves travel from air to water

Optics

• Optical fibers rely on total internal reflection
• For a prism, i + e = A + δ, where the symbols have their usual meanings

Electricity and Magnetism

• The voltage across a cell with an EMF of 2V and internal resistance of 0.1Ω connected to a 0.9Ω resistor is 1.8V
• Acceptor impurities in semiconductors include indium
• Donor impurities in semiconductors include phosphorus

Total Internal Reflection

• Total internal reflection occurs when light travels from glass to diamond

Speed of Sound

• Sound travels fastest in solids

Strain Energy

• If the strain energy of a stretched wire is 18 × 10⁻³ J and the strain energy per unit volume is 6 × 10⁻³ J/m³, its volume is 3 cm³

Torque

• Torque is maximum when the angle between the position vector (r) and force vector (F) is 90°

Gravity

• Acceleration due to gravity is greatest at the poles of the Earth
• At the Earth's center, the weight of a particle is zero

Thermal Physics

• The rate of cooling, is proportional to the temperature difference between the body and its surroundings

Semiconductor Physics

• Forward bias and reverse bias conditions in P-N junction diodes are important for their function
• Distinctions exist between intrinsic vs. extrinsic semiconductors and p-type vs. n-type semiconductors

Gauss's Law

• Gauss’ Law relates electric flux to the enclosed charge

Nuclear Physics

• Two uses of Gamma Rays need to be stated

Kinematics and Projectile Motion

• Projectile motion involves finding maximum height, time of flight, and horizontal range
• Expressions for horizontal range of a projectile need to be stated

Errors in Measurement

• Calculations of mean absolute error, relative error, and percentage error are important in experimental measurements

Vector Products

• Defining scalar and vector products of two vectors, including characteristics
• The vector product of two vectors, including characteristics needs to be stated

Gravitation

• State Newton's law of Gravitation

Wave calculations

• Radio wave frequency of 1.0 × 10^7 Hz propagates with speed 3 x 10^8 m/s, calculating its wavelength is needed

Hooke's Law

• State Hooke's law

Lens Maker's Formula

• Derivation and explanation of the lens maker's formula

Electric charge

• State and explain Coulomb's law of electric charge in scalar form

Electric field Intensity

• Finding electric field intensity between the plates and the force on the oil drop

Satellite Motion

• Deriving expressions for the period and binding energy of a satellite revolving around the Earth

Elastic Collisions

• For an elastic head-on collision, derive the expressions for the final velocities in terms of masses and initial velocities

Magnetism

• Derive an expression for the magnetic field due to a bar magnet at an arbitrary point

Heat Transfer

• Heat loss calculation through a glass window given area, thickness, temperature difference, and thermal conductivity

Material properties

• Calculate change in volume of the sphere if bulk modulus of the metal is 6.1 × 10^10 N/m²

Ohm's Law

• State and explain ohm's law