Physics Mechanics Quiz

Motion:
- Described by position, velocity, and acceleration
- Types: translational, rotational, and vibrational
- Measured in terms of distance, displacement, speed, and velocity
Forces:
- Types: gravitational, normal, frictional, tensional, and air resistance
- Net force: vector sum of all forces acting on an object
- Newton's laws:
  - First law: inertia, an object at rest remains at rest, an object in motion remains in motion
  - Second law: F = ma, force is proportional to acceleration
  - Third law: action and reaction, equal and opposite forces
Energy:
- Types: kinetic, potential, thermal, electrical, and chemical
- Conservation of energy: total energy remains constant in a closed system
- Work-energy theorem: work done on an object is equal to its change in kinetic energy

Types:
- Mechanical waves: require a medium, e.g., water, sound
- Electromagnetic waves: do not require a medium, e.g., light, radio
Characteristics:
- Wavelength: distance between two consecutive points in phase
- Frequency: number of oscillations per second
- Amplitude: maximum displacement from equilibrium
- Speed: distance traveled per unit time
Wave properties:
- Reflection: bouncing back of a wave
- Refraction: bending of a wave
- Diffraction: bending of a wave around an obstacle
- Interference: superposition of two or more waves

Radiation:
- Types: alpha, beta, and gamma radiation
- Ionizing radiation: can remove tightly bound electrons from atoms
- Non-ionizing radiation: does not have enough energy to ionize atoms
Particles:
- Subatomic particles: protons, neutrons, electrons
- Properties: charge, mass, spin, and energy
- Interactions: strong nuclear force, weak nuclear force, electromagnetism
Quantum mechanics:
- Wave-particle duality: particles can exhibit both wave-like and particle-like behavior
- Uncertainty principle: cannot know certain properties simultaneously with infinite precision

Charge:
- Types: positive and negative
- Conservation of charge: total charge remains constant in a closed system
- Like charges repel, opposite charges attract
Electric fields:
- Created by charges or changing magnetic fields
- Measured in terms of electric field strength (E)
- Electric field lines: visualize the direction and magnitude of the electric field
Circuits:
- Series circuits: components connected one after the other
- Parallel circuits: components connected between the same two points
- Resistance: opposition to the flow of electric current
- Ohm's law: V = IR, voltage is proportional to current

Motion is described by three key aspects: position, velocity, and acceleration.
There are three types of motion: translational, rotational, and vibrational.
Motion is measured in terms of distance, displacement, speed, and velocity.
Forces are categorized into five types: gravitational, normal, frictional, tensional, and air resistance.
The net force acting on an object is the vector sum of all individual forces.
Newton's first law states that an object at rest remains at rest, and an object in motion remains in motion, unless acted upon by an external force.
According to Newton's second law, force is proportional to acceleration, expressed as F = ma.
Newton's third law states that every action force is accompanied by an equal and opposite reaction force.

There are two primary types of waves: mechanical waves, which require a medium, and electromagnetic waves, which do not require a medium.
Wavelength is the distance between two consecutive points in phase, while frequency is the number of oscillations per second.
Amplitude is the maximum displacement from equilibrium, and speed is the distance traveled per unit time.
Waves can exhibit reflection, refraction, diffraction, and interference.
Reflection occurs when a wave bounces back, refraction occurs when a wave bends, and diffraction occurs when a wave bends around an obstacle.
Interference occurs when two or more waves superimpose on each other.

There are three types of radiation: alpha, beta, and gamma radiation.
Ionizing radiation has enough energy to remove tightly bound electrons from atoms, while non-ionizing radiation does not.
Subatomic particles include protons, neutrons, and electrons, each with unique properties such as charge, mass, spin, and energy.
Particles interact through the strong nuclear force, weak nuclear force, and electromagnetism.
Quantum mechanics introduces the concept of wave-particle duality, where particles can exhibit both wave-like and particle-like behavior.
The uncertainty principle states that certain properties cannot be known simultaneously with infinite precision.

Electric charge comes in two forms: positive and negative, and is conserved in a closed system.
Like charges repel each other, while opposite charges attract each other.
Electric fields are created by charges or changing magnetic fields, and are measured in terms of electric field strength (E).
Electric field lines help visualize the direction and magnitude of the electric field.
Electric circuits can be series or parallel, and are characterized by resistance, which opposes the flow of electric current.
Ohm's law states that voltage is proportional to current, expressed as V = IR.

Occurs when two or more waves overlap in space and time, resulting in a new wave with an amplitude that is the sum of the individual wave amplitudes
Types of interference include:
- Constructive interference: waves in phase, resulting in increased amplitude
- Destructive interference: waves out of phase, resulting in decreased amplitude

Require a physical medium to propagate
Examples include:
- Water waves
- Seismic waves
- Sound waves (in a medium, e.g., air)
Characteristics:
- Require a medium to transmit energy
- Can be transverse or longitudinal
- Speed depends on properties of the medium

Can propagate through a vacuum
Examples include:
- Radio waves
- Microwaves
- Infrared (IR) radiation
- Visible light
- Ultraviolet (UV) radiation
- X-rays
- Gamma rays
Characteristics:
- Do not require a medium to transmit energy
- Transverse waves
- Speed is constant in vacuum (c ≈ 3 × 10^8 m/s)

Mechanical waves that propagate through a medium (e.g., air, water, solid)
Characteristics:
- Longitudinal waves
- Frequency range: 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz (audible range)
- Speed depends on properties of the medium

Electromagnetic waves with frequencies within the visible spectrum
Characteristics:
- Transverse waves
- Frequency range: 4 × 10^14 Hz to 8 × 10^14 Hz (visible spectrum)
- Speed is constant in vacuum (c ≈ 3 × 10^8 m/s)

Wave-particle duality: some phenomena exhibit wave-like behavior, while others exhibit particle-like behavior
- Examples: light, electrons
Radiation:
- Energy emitted or transmitted in the form of waves or particles
- Can be electromagnetic (e.g., light, radio waves) or particulate (e.g., alpha, beta, gamma radiation)