Physics Mechanics Quiz

Mechanics

Kinematics: Study of motion without considering forces.
- Key equations of motion for uniformly accelerated motion.
- Concepts of displacement, velocity, acceleration.
Dynamics: Study of forces and their effects on motion.
- Newton's Laws of Motion:
  1. Inertia: An object at rest stays at rest; an object in motion stays in motion unless acted upon by a net force.
  2. F=ma: The force acting on an object is equal to the mass of that object times its acceleration.
  3. Action-Reaction: For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
Work and Energy:
- Work: W = F * d * cos(θ), where F is force, d is displacement, and θ is the angle between force and displacement.
- Kinetic Energy (KE): KE = 0.5 * m * v², where m is mass and v is velocity.
- Potential Energy (PE): PE = m * g * h, where g is acceleration due to gravity and h is height.
- Conservation of Energy: Total mechanical energy (KE + PE) is conserved in a closed system.
Momentum:
- Linear Momentum (p): p = m * v.
- Conservation of Momentum: In a closed system, total momentum before an event equals total momentum after.

Fluids

Fluid Statics:
- Pressure (P): P = F/A, where F is force and A is area.
- Pascal's Principle: Pressure applied to an enclosed fluid is transmitted undiminished throughout the fluid.
- Archimedes’ Principle: A body submerged in a fluid experiences a buoyant force equal to the weight of the fluid displaced.
Fluid Dynamics:
- Continuity Equation: A1V1 = A2V2, where A is area and V is velocity.
- Bernoulli's Equation: P + 0.5ρv² + ρgh = constant, relates pressure, velocity, and height in flowing fluids.

Thermodynamics

Laws of Thermodynamics:
- Zeroth Law: If two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third, they are in equilibrium with each other.
- First Law: Energy cannot be created or destroyed; ΔU = Q - W, where U is internal energy, Q is heat added, and W is work done.
- Second Law: Entropy of an isolated system always increases; heat cannot spontaneously flow from cold to hot.
- Third Law: As temperature approaches absolute zero, the entropy of a perfect crystal approaches zero.

Waves and Oscillations

Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM):
- Characteristics: Periodic motion, restoring force proportional to displacement.
- Equation: x(t) = A cos(ωt + φ), where A is amplitude, ω is angular frequency, and φ is phase constant.
Wave Properties:
- Wavelength (λ), frequency (f), amplitude, speed (v = fλ).
- Types of waves: Mechanical (require medium) and electromagnetic (do not require medium).
- Superposition principle: When two or more waves overlap, the resultant displacement is the sum of the individual displacements.

Electricity and Magnetism

Electrostatics:
- Coulomb's Law: F = k * |q1 * q2| / r², where F is the force between charges, k is Coulomb's constant, q are charges, and r is distance.
- Electric Field (E): E = F/q, where F is force and q is charge.
- Electric Potential (V): V = U/q, where U is potential energy.
Current and Circuits:
- Current (I): I = Q/t, where Q is charge and t is time.
- Ohm’s Law: V = IR, where V is voltage, I is current, and R is resistance.
- Series and Parallel Circuits: Different rules for calculating total resistance, voltage, and current.
Magnetism:
- Magnetic Field (B): Produced by moving charges or magnetic materials.
- Lorentz Force: F = q(v × B), where v is velocity of the charge and B is magnetic field.
- Electromagnetic Induction: Change in magnetic flux induces an electromotive force (Faraday's Law).

Modern Physics

Quantum Mechanics:
- Wave-Particle Duality: Particles exhibit both wave and particle characteristics.
- Uncertainty Principle: ΔxΔp ≥ ħ/2, where Δx is position uncertainty and Δp is momentum uncertainty.
Relativity:
- Special Relativity: Time dilation and length contraction under relative motion at significant fractions of the speed of light.
- General Relativity: Gravity is a curvature of spacetime caused by mass.

These notes cover fundamental concepts and principles in General Physics 1, providing a solid foundation for further study and application.

Mechanics

Kinematics: Focuses on motion without regard to forces, incorporating concepts such as displacement, velocity, and acceleration, along with key equations for uniformly accelerated motion.
Dynamics: Analyzes forces and their impacts on the motion of objects, defined by Newton's three laws:
- First Law (Inertia): Objects remain at rest or in uniform motion unless acted on by a net force.
- Second Law (F=ma): The force on an object equals its mass multiplied by its acceleration.
- Third Law (Action-Reaction): Every action has an equal and opposite reaction.
Work and Energy:
- Work is calculated as W = F * d * cos(θ), where F is the force applied, d is the displacement, and θ is the angle between the force and displacement.
- Kinetic Energy (KE): KE = 0.5 * m * v², with m as mass and v as velocity.
- Potential Energy (PE): PE = m * g * h, where g is gravitational acceleration and h is height.
- Conservation of Energy: Total mechanical energy (kinetic + potential) is conserved in isolated systems.
Momentum:
- Linear Momentum (p): Defined as p = m * v.
- Conservation of Momentum: In closed systems, total momentum before an event equals total momentum after.

Fluids

Fluid Statics:
- Pressure (P): Calculated using P = F/A, where F is force and A is area.
- Pascal's Principle: Any pressure applied to an enclosed fluid is transmitted undiminished throughout that fluid.
- Archimedes’ Principle: A body submerged in a fluid experiences a buoyant force equal to the weight of the fluid it displaces.
Fluid Dynamics:
- Continuity Equation: A1V1 = A2V2, linking area and velocity in fluid flow.
- Bernoulli's Equation: Expresses the relationship among pressure, velocity, and height in flowing fluids as P + 0.5ρv² + ρgh = constant.

Thermodynamics

Laws of Thermodynamics:
- Zeroth Law: If two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third, they are in equilibrium with each other.
- First Law: Energy conservation expressed as ΔU = Q - W, with U as internal energy, Q as heat added, and W as work done.
- Second Law: Entropy of an isolated system tends to increase; heat cannot spontaneously flow from colder to hotter areas.
- Third Law: As temperature approaches absolute zero, the entropy of a perfect crystal approaches zero.

Waves and Oscillations

Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM): Characterized by periodic motion and a restoring force proportional to displacement.
- SHM Equation: x(t) = A cos(ωt + φ), with A as amplitude, ω as angular frequency, and φ as phase constant.
Wave Properties:
- Key characteristics include wavelength (λ), frequency (f), amplitude, and wave speed (v = fλ).
- Classifications of waves include mechanical waves (require a medium) and electromagnetic waves (do not require a medium).
- Superposition Principle: When two or more waves overlap, the resultant displacement equals the sum of individual displacements.

Electricity and Magnetism

Electrostatics:
- Coulomb's Law: F = k * |q1 * q2| / r², where F is the force between charges, k is Coulomb's constant, q represents charges, and r is the separation distance.
- Electric Field (E): E = F/q, with F as force and q as charge.
- Electric Potential (V): V = U/q, where U is potential energy.
Current and Circuits:
- Current (I): Defined as I = Q/t, where Q is charge and t is time.
- Ohm’s Law: Relates voltage, current, and resistance as V = IR.
- Understanding series and parallel circuits is crucial for calculating total resistance and current flow.
Magnetism:
- Magnetic Field (B): Generated by moving charges or magnetic materials.
- Lorentz Force: Represented as F = q(v × B), relating the force on a charge to its velocity and magnetic field.
- Electromagnetic Induction: Changes in magnetic flux lead to induced electromotive forces, illustrated by Faraday's Law.

Modern Physics

Quantum Mechanics:
- Wave-Particle Duality: Particles exhibit dual properties, behaving as both waves and particles.
- Uncertainty Principle: Expressed as ΔxΔp ≥ ħ/2, indicating limitations on simultaneously knowing position and momentum.
Relativity:
- Special Relativity: Introduces concepts of time dilation and length contraction for observers in relative motion at substantial fractions of the speed of light.
- General Relativity: Describes gravity as a curvature of spacetime due to mass distribution.