Physics Material Properties Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the formula used to calculate the shear stress acting on the bolts?

Shear stress = Force / Area (correct)

Shear stress = Force * Area

Shear stress = Modulus of Elasticity / Strain

Shear stress = Weight / Length

What physical quantity is defined as the ratio of the change in length of a material to its original length?

Young's Modulus

Shear Modulus

Strain (correct)

Stress

What is the formula used to calculate the vertical deflection of the bolts, given the applied force, length of the bolts, shear modulus, and cross-sectional area?

Δx = (Force * Area) / (Shear Modulus * Length)

Δx = (Force * Length) / (Shear Modulus * Area) (correct)

Δx = (Shear Modulus * Length) / (Force * Area)

Δx = (Shear Modulus * Area) / (Force * Length)

What is the relationship between stress and strain for a material?

Stress is directly proportional to strain, with a proportionality constant called the Modulus of Elasticity. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a factor needed to calculate the amount the steel wire stretches?

The shear modulus of the steel (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the density of the substance described in the text?

1.25 mg/cm3 (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between the properties of a gas and a liquid?

A gas fills its container, while a liquid fills only its initial volume. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary component of biological material?

Water (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of Bose-Einstein condensates?

All atoms have the same energy and momentum. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the defining characteristic of a solid?

It defines its own shape. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the atoms in a metallic object?

They are arranged in a three-dimensional lattice. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of temperature on the state of matter?

Temperature can change the state of matter. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a foam?

Another state of matter. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the mass of a single 12C atom, in grams?

1.993·10-26 g (A) Signup and view all the answers

How many gold (Au) atoms are there in a 5-carat diamond ring?

1.50·1022 atoms (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the density of a 1-carat diamond in kg/m³?

3.51·103 kg/m³ (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the molecular mass of an O2 molecule?

32 g/mol (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate volume of one mole of gas at standard temperature and pressure (STP), in liters?

22.4 L (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the density of air at STP, in kg/m³?

1.25 kg/m³ (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a form of carbon?

Silica (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key feature of Buckminsterfullerene?

It is composed of 60 carbon atoms arranged in a truncated icosahedron. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between absolute pressure (p), atmospheric pressure (p0), and gauge pressure (pg)?

pg = p - p0 (A) Signup and view all the answers

What would happen to the height of the mercury column in a mercury barometer if the atmospheric pressure decreased?

The height of the mercury column would decrease. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Why is a water barometer much taller than a mercury barometer?

Water is less dense than mercury. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What kind of pressure does a tire gauge measure?

Gauge pressure (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the gauge pressure of a gas if the absolute pressure of the gas is 1.2 atmospheres and the atmospheric pressure is 1 atmosphere?

0.2 atmospheres (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following situations would result in a negative gauge pressure?

A vacuum chamber with a pressure lower than atmospheric pressure. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What does the pressure at the bottom of a container of liquid depend on?

The density of the liquid and the depth of the liquid only (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the pressure at the bottom of the containers is correct?

The pressure at the bottom of all three containers is the same. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary assumption made in the derivation of the depth pressure relationship for incompressible fluids?

The fluid is incompressible and its density remains constant with depth. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a factor that affects the barometric pressure formula? (Select all that apply)

Viscosity (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the pressure and density of a compressible fluid like a gas?

Pressure is directly proportional to density. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the mathematical form of the differential equation that relates pressure and altitude in a gas?

dp/dh = -gρ0p/p0 (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between the derivation of the depth pressure relationship for incompressible and compressible fluids?

The density of incompressible fluids is considered constant, while compressible fluids have a variable density. (A) Signup and view all the answers

If an object is less dense than water, what will happen when it is placed in water?

The object will float. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the weight of a floating object and the weight of the water it displaces?

The weight of the object is equal to the weight of the water it displaces. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula used to calculate the buoyant force (FB) acting on an object submerged in water?

FB = m_water g (B) Signup and view all the answers

A ship floating in a lock displaces the same amount of water whether the lock is full or half full. What is the reason for this?

The ship displaces the same amount of water regardless of the depth of the water it floats in. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula used to calculate the fraction of an iceberg that is visible above the surface of the water?

f = 1 - Vs / Vt (D) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Solids and Fluids

Solids: Atoms in a fixed arrangement, possess definite shape and volume
Fluids: Atoms are free to move, can flow, and take the shape of their container
Atoms: Very small, 10⁻¹⁰ m (or 0.1 nm), measured in angstroms (Å)
Avogadro's number (N_A): 6.022 x 10²³ atoms/mol (atoms in 12g of ¹²C)
Diamonds: Composed of carbon atoms, density 3.51 g/cm³ (3510 kg/m³)
Carat: Unit of mass for diamonds (1 carat = 200 mg = 2.00 x 10⁻⁴ kg)
Nanomaterials: New structures made entirely of carbon atoms
Fullerenes: 60 carbon atoms arranged in a truncated icosahedron (Buckyballs)
Carbon nanotubes: Interlocking hexagons of carbon atoms
Graphene: 2-dimensional sheet of carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal lattice
Nanomaterials : Revolutionize material science from Fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, and graphene

Moles

SI unit for amount of mass is gram-mole (or mole)
Mass of one mole= atomic mass number in grams
¹²C: 12 grams have 6.02 x 10²³ atoms
¹⁹⁷Au: 197 grams have 6.02 x 10²³ atoms
Molecules: Add atomic mass numbers to find relative mass
Oxygen (O₂): mass number 16; relative mass number 32; 32g = 6.02 x 10²³ molecules
Atmosphere: Composed of Nitrogen, oxygen, argon, water vapor, traces of CO2

Elasticity of Solids

Solids: Composed of atoms arranged in a 3D lattice
Lattice: Atoms have specific distances from neighbors, forces that hold lattice together modeled as springs
Elasticity: Ability of a solid to deform and return to its original shape when the force is removed
Elastic limit: The maximum amount of deformation a solid can undergo without becoming permanently deformed
Types of deformation: Stretching, compression, shear
Examples of deformations: Power lines stretching, Hoover Dam compression, scissors shearing

Stress and Strain

Stress: Deforming force per unit area
Strain: Unit deformation
Modulus of elasticity: Constant relating stress to strain
Different moduli for each type of deformation
Concepts only apply if elastic limit not exceeded

Tension

Tension: Stretching
Stress: Force F per unit area A, perpendicular to the area on the end and parallel to the stretching direction
Young's modulus (Y): Constant in the stress-strain relationship
Table 13.1: Shows some representative average values for Young's modulus

Compression

Compression: Volume change
Stress: Pressure (force per unit area) applied to the entire surface
Bulk modulus (B): Constant relating pressure to fractional volume change
Table 13.2: Shows some representative values for bulk modulus

Shear

Shear: Parallel force to the area, change in shape
Stress: Force per unit area parallel to the cross-sectional area
Shear modulus (G): Constant relating stress to strain
Table 13.3: Shows some representative average values for shear modulus

Wall Mount for Flat-Panel TV

Shear stress on bolts: Force/Area (calculations provided in text)
Shear modulus, deflection of bolts (calculations provided in text)

States of Matter

Gases: Atoms or molecules move freely, compressible
Liquids: Nearly incompressible, fill corresponding volume in container
Solids: Definite shape, nearly incompressible;
Other states: Plasmas, foams, gels, Bose-Einstein condensates, Biological material

Pressure

Pressure: Force per unit area (measured in Pascals, abbreviated Pa)
Atmospheric pressure: 1 atm= 1.013 x 10⁵ Pa
Other non-SI units: Torr, mm Hg, lb/in²

Weighing Earth's Atmosphere

Composition of Earth's atmosphere: Nitrogen, oxygen, argon, water vapor, CO₂
CO₂ content varies seasonally, rising since Industrial Rev
Mass of Earth's atmosphere (calculations provided in text)
Mass of CO₂ in Earth's atmosphere (calculations provided in text)

Pressure-Depth Relationship

Pressure increases with depth, follows equation p = p₀ + ρgh
Pressure on submarine at depth of 250m (calculations provided in text)

Gauge Pressure and Barometers

Gauge pressure: Difference between absolute pressure and atmospheric pressure
Barometer: Measures atmospheric pressure; commonly uses mercury or water height

Mercury Barometer

Mercury barometer: Tube of mercury inverted in a mercury container; height of mercury column is related to atmospheric pressure

Water Barometer

Height of water column in equivalent water barometer

Manometer

Manometers: U-shaped tube partially filled with liquid to measure gauge pressure of a gas

Barometric Altitude Relation for Gases

Relationship between atmospheric pressure and altitude:
p(h) = poe⁻^hpog/Po
Calculations for atmospheric pressure at high altitudes.

Air Pressure on Mount Everest

Calculations for air pressure at summit of Mount Everest (example calculation provided)

How Close?

Actual data versus formula for atmospheric pressure at various altitudes.

Concept Check Questions

Several questions on calculating and understanding pressure, solids, fluids and related concepts from different problems.

Pascal's Principle

Transfer of pressure in incompressible fluids: No losses occur when pressure in an enclosed fluid is changed,
Application to hydraulic devices
Calculations to find force on a second piston to a first piston.

Archimedes' Principle

Buoyant force equals weight of the displaced fluid
Floating and sinking objects
Calculations in floating or sinking objects and situations

Floating Iceberg

Iceberg fraction visible above the water (calculations and explanation provided).

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Description

Test your knowledge on the fundamental properties of materials, including stress, strain, and the behavior of different states of matter. This quiz covers key concepts relevant to engineering and physics, helping you understand how materials respond to various forces. Dive in to explore the relationships between physical quantities and the unique characteristics of different substances.